III. After you have read. 3.1. Answer the following questions:
3.1. Answer the following questions: 1. What is this text about? 2. What are the main branches of engineering? 3. Does the term engineer properly denote a person who has received professional training in pure and applied science? 4. Was large-scale construction work usually placed in the hands of military engineers before the middle of the 18th century? 5. Did military engineering involve such work as the preparation of topographical or geographical maps? 6. When does the term civil engineering come into use to describe engineering work? 7. When was mechanical engineering recognized as a separate branch of engineering? 8. The technical advances of the 19th century greatly broadened the field of engineering and introduced a large number of engineering specialities, didn’t they? 3.2. Give English equivalents for the following Russian phrases: Математические и естественные науки; силы природы; профессиональное обучение; в современной терминологии; ремесло; крупномасштабная строительная работа; военные инженеры; подготовка топографических карт; местонахождение; строительство дорог и мостов; техническое продвижение. 3.3. Fill in the gaps: 1. Engineering is a term applied to the profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences, gained by study, experience, and practice, is applied …. 2. … denotes a person who has received professional training in pure and applied science. 3. In … terminology … occupations are known as crafts or trades. 4. Before the middle of the 18th century …. 5. Military engineering involved such work as the preparation of 6. The term civil engineering came into use to describe engineering work that was performed …. 7. With the increasing-use of machinery in the 19th century, mechanical engineering …. 8. The technical advances of the 19th century greatly broadened the field of engineering and introduced …. 3.4. Find in the text words with the following suffixes: -tion, -al, 3.5. Translate the sentences with Past Perfect and Future Perfect Active: 1. Extensive railway construction in Russia had developed by the end of the 19th century. 2. They had reequipped the plant before the reconstruction began. 3. We had not gone far when a terrible storm broke out. 4. The group will have carried out the plan by next summer. 5. By the time they had reached the road, the rain stopped. 6. The workers will have built a new house by next month. 7. They will have made necessary calculations before the experiment begins. 8. My mother had already planted roses when I came home. 9. They had installed the new apparatus by yesterday evening. 10. A new house had been built by the workers by last month. 3.6. Put in the right forms of the verbs in the Past Perfect and 1. We had (have) a lot of sugar on the table before you came. 2. The engineer (complete) his project by the end of the next year. 3. Before they went to the cinema they had (have) dinner at «Holiday 4. He (test) the equipment before it starts working. 5. When we got to the cinema, the film had already (begin). 6. I had (book) the seats before you called. 7. We (record) the data by 5 o'clock. 8. By the time you came Ann had (cook) pizza. 9. The programmers (check) the devices by tomorrow. 10. I gave you my doctor’s telephone number after you had (ask) me. 3.7. Compare the translation of the sentences. Pay attention to the different forms of the Passive Voice: 1. The experiment was completed a month ago. The experiment had been completed by last month. The experiment will have been completed by next month. 2. Her plans are changed every day. Her plans have been already changed. The chief’s plans had been changed by the beginning of the negotiations. 3. The explanation of this fact was given long ago. The explanation of this fact hasn't been given yet. The explanation of this fact will have been given by tomorrow. 4. This book is written by a famous scientist. Many new books have been written by this scientist lately. Many new books had been written by this scientist before he got the Noble Prize. 5. The text will be translated tomorrow. The text will have been translated by tomorrow. The text had been translated before my friends came. 6. The theory was developed in 1920. The theory has been just developed. The theory had been developed by the end of the year. 7. New theories are developed very often. New theories have been already developed by our team. New theories will have been developed by our team before the projects starts. 8. The documents are usually signed in the morning. The documents are being signed now. The documents will have been signed by the end of the week. 3.8. Put in the right prepositions: a) 1. Have you ever been … Sochi? 2. I am the student … the university. 3. Your seat is … front … the door. 4. Tom spent his summer holidays … the seaside. 5. My mother likes to pick up mushrooms … the forest. 6. Have you forgotten … my birthday? 7. There is a postcard … my friend. 8. I reminded you about it the day... yesterday. 9. Had you written a letter … 5 o’clock yesterday? 10. We are going … the restaurant now.
b) Dear Stuart, Many thanks for your letter … May 3 and … your offer to meet me … the airport. I am flying … Atlanta … Moscow … Monday, the
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