Part III

To do

Функции глагола to have (had, had)

To have

Функции глагола to be (was / were, been)

To be

a) scientists do invent; scientists don’t invent; scientists do their invention; the engineer doesn’t construct; the engineer does construct; the engineer does this construction; the robot didn’t work; the robot did its work; the robot did work;

b) scientists have invented; scientists have to invent; scientists have a new invention; the engineer had to construct; the engineer had constructed; the engineer had this construction; the robot has much work; the robot has to work; the robot has worked;

c) scientists were to invent; the task of scientists were to invent; they were scientists; scientists were inventing; the engineer is constructing; the engineer is to construct; the aim of the engineer is to construct; it is constructed by the engineer; he is an engineer; the robot was worked at; it was a robot; the robot was working; the robot was to work;

d) the inventions were done by scientists; the producer had to create; he did his task; he will be a good scientist; we are engineers; the new equipment has been developed by; the plan of constructor is to design; did he repair; new compound was produced; the system is to be reconstructed; this device has a lot of; the physicist will do this work; the designer did develop; the technologist is working hard.

1. He had much work. He had to work hard to complete it in time.

2. Mathematics is of great importance for engineers. Every technical student is to study it for some years.

3. The addition of heat does not increase the weight of metal, however, the combination with air does increase its weight.

4. Automation today is an important factor of chemical industrial production. It is being introduced on a wide scale in all branches of industry and agriculture as well as in medicine and everyday life.

5. Due to the Sun people have immense supplies of energy. We have to build special solar stations to convert solar energy into electrical one.

6. In close cooperation with industrial workers our scientists and engineers are developing a lot of new types of electronic and cybernetic devices. They are to become the basis for the solution of a great number of economic and scientific problems. They will be reliable helpers of engineers and scientists.

1. Our scientists had to solve many complicated practical problems in the construction of the first atomic power plant.

2. Our task is to raise temperature.

3. Various techniques are used to model data structure.

4. These systems do result in new materials having properties not previously available.

5. The carbon content was too high for the metal to be used without refining.

6. The electric motor does mechanical work.

7. The purpose of this catalyst is to accelerate the process of chemical reaction.

8. The light has just changed from green to red.

9. Thanks to computers we are processing information millions times quicker now.

10. The results of the last experiment were very important for our further work.

11. Do you know how a four cycle diesel works?

12. The accuracy capabilities of these automatic machines are very high.

13. There is a second approach to the problem that does provide a slight time saving.

14. Special techniques have had to be advised for solving the problem.

15. The experts are to take into account the results of the test.

16. The amount of the accomplished work does not depend on the time spent on lifting the weight.

17. As these machines will have everything necessary for automatic measurements and inspection, the workers will use them in their work.

18. Iron, copper and lead have been known and used by man for many thousands of years.

19. What kind of methods did they suggest?

20. Now some 50 kinds of synthetic rubber are being produced by our plants and factories.

21. Automation has also had an influence on the areas of economy other than manufacturing.

22. Soon I’ll be a programmer, too.

23. Nowadays any investigator does work having access to the scientific information.

24. Mankind was entering an age of high speeds, pressures and temperatures at the beginning of last century.

25. The science of strength of materials had to cover a long and difficult path.

26. Metallurgists were to study a new class of alloys used in rocket engineering.

27. The ion does have a definite mobility that does not change with time

28. In lifting the weight we have to do work against the force of gravity.

29. These particles are too small to be seen but experiments show that they do exist.

30. Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development.

1. Will Robots Replace Humans in the Future?

2. Historical Background of Robots

3. Robots – the Ideal Workers

We hear many complaints about work in factories; the work is often boring, heavy and repetitive; the operative doesn’t have to think about the work; he gets no job satisfaction.

The answer is a robot. For many jobs a robot is much better than human operative. Once it has been programmed, it will do its job over and over again. It never gets bored; it works at a constant speed; it doesn’t make mistakes; its work is always of the same standard; it doesn’t get tired; it can work 24 hours a day without breaks for food, rest or sleep.

Robots have other advantages, too. They are designed to do almost any job. You can’t change the human body, but a robot’s arms, for example, can be made to move in any direction. Robots also do very heavy work and they can operate in conditions that are too dangerous, too hot or too cold for people to work in. They work under water, in poisonous gas and in radioactive areas.

It is obvious that robots have many advantages over human beings. However, it is also true that humans can do many things that robots can’t. For example, humans can carry out a task without having to be told exactly how to do it first – in other words, they don’t always have to be programmed.

Humans can move, but robots are usually fixed in one place. If they are able to move, robots do it only in a very limited way. Unlike robots, people can know whether what they are doing is good or bad, and whether it is boring or interesting. Also robots are only just beginning to be able to understand speech and writing, but humans communicate easily with each other by these methods, and by many others – telephone, drawing, radio, and so on – as well.

And we should not forget that robots owe their existence to humans – we make them, repair them and control them, not the other way round.

1. Why operative doesn’t get job satisfaction?

2. Why robot is much better than human operative?

3. What advantages do robots have?

4. What things can humans do that robots can't?

The robot that’s facing the future

How can we apply the new technology of robotics to old problems? That’s now an option on offer to engineering students at the University of Central Lancashire, and already this novel subject is inspiring revolutionary ideas.

In the heart of the hi-tech north-west’s aerospace industry, students are imagining new possibilities. Imagine being able to be in two places at the same time. Or having another version of yourself doing all the jobs you’re not keen to do.

These ideas are, thanks to new and surprisingly inexpensive technologies, finally becoming possible, and that’s part of the thinking behind ‘Makiis’.

An acronym for Makroskopic Intelligent Interaction System, Makiis is a popular name for boys in Greece – and also is a prototype ‘telepresence’ robot which allows people to interact with others anywhere in the world. We think Makiis is one of the world’s first robots that can provide enhanced human-like interaction and presence at a distance.

The fantastic thing about Makiis is that it instantaneously allows people to transport their ‘presence’ to another location. But Makiis is different to other telepresence robots; it is more than just ‘Skype on wheels’ because it also hears where sounds come from and turns to face them automatically, exactly as a human would do.

Makiis is one example of how modern technology is being used to break down traditional barriers to learning.

1. The engineering students at the University of Central Lancashire are working at the problem of robotics.

2. Robot is a machine which has a specific program.

3. New possibilities in the sphere of robotics are becoming possible.

4. Makiis is an acronym.

5. The task of Makiis is to perform scientific research, particularly in the handling of radioactive or other hazardous materials.

6. Makiis is to break down traditional barriers to learning.

7. Robots have already taken human form, but they do not have minds of their own.