HISTORY OF MININGТ.А. Колесникова, М.Т. Иксанова, Г.А. Третьякова ORE PROCESSING Методические указания по английскому языку для бакалавров и магистрантов специальностей 050707, 6N0707 «Горное дело»; 050709, 6N0609 «Металлургия»; а также 050706, 6N0706 «Геология и разведка МПИ»
Усть-Каменогорск УДК 811.111 Колесникова Т.А. Ore Processing. Методические указания по английскому языку для бакалавров и магистрантов специальностей 050707, 6N0707 «Горное дело»; 050709, 6N0609 «Металлургия»; а также 050706, 6N0706 «Геология и разведка МПИ»/ Т.А. Колесникова, М.Т. Иксанова, Г.А. Третьякова/ ВКГТУ.-Усть-Каменогорск, 2010.-62с.
Методические указания разработаны на кафедре иностранных языков на основании Государственного общеобязательного стандарта образования для студентов специальностей 050707 «Горное дело», 050709 «Металлургия» и 050706 «Геология и разведка МПИ», а также магистрантов специальностей 6N0609 «Металлургия», 6N0707 «Горное дело» и 6N0706 «Геология и разведка МПИ». Настоящие методические указания содержат практические задания для организации систематической самостоятельной работы студентов и магистрантов с целью формирования навыков англоязычного общения в профессиональной области.
Рецензент:
Зав. кафедрой «Иностранные языки» к.п.н., профессор Л.Н. Ерохина
Ó Издательство ВКГТУ им. Д.Серикбаева, 2010 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
ВВЕДЕНИЕ
Настоящие методические указания составлены в соответствии с ГОСО РК 2009, типовой программой по иностранным языкам и рабочей программой кафедры иностранных языков ВКГТУ им. Д. Серикбаева. Предназначены для студентов бакалавриата и магистратуры специальностей 050707, 6N0707 «Горное дело»; 050709, 6N0609 «Металлургия»; и 050706, 6N0706 «Геология и разведка МПИ». Методические указания состоят из 7 разделов и содержат аутентичные тексты по специальности, лексические и коммуникативные задания к ним. Предназначены для развития умений анализировать, сравнивать, оценивать информацию, используя контекстные подсказки; умений и навыков ознакомительного и поискового чтения, графического представления результатов поиска информации и говорения на заданную тему по специальности. Методические указания содержат большое количество иллюстраций, которые облегчают понимание текстов и обеспечивают визуальную опору прочитанному. Приложения включают англо-русский и англо-английский глоссарий терминов, специально разработанные для контекстного усвоения новой лексики по теме обогащения минеральных ископаемых. Методические указания предназначены для СРСП, СРС, СРМП и СРМ по английскому языку для студентов бакалавриата и магистратуры указанных выше специальностей.
HISTORY OF MINING
Since the beginning of civilization people have used stone, ceramics and, later, metals found on or close to the Earth's surface. These were used to manufacture early tools and weapons, for example, high quality flint found in northern France and southern England were used to create flint tools. Flint mines have been found in chalk areas where seams of the stone were followed underground by shafts and galleries. The mines at Grimes Graves are especially famous, and like most other flint mines, are Neolithic in origin (ca 4000 BC-ca 3000 BC). Other hard rocks mined or collected for axes included the greenstone of the Langdale axe industry based in the English Lake District. The oldest known mine on archaeological record is the "Lion Cave" in Swaziland. At this site, which by radiocarbon dating proves the mine to be about 43,000 years old, Paleolithic humans mined mineral hematite, which contained iron and was ground to produce the red pigment ochre. Mines of a similar age in Hungary and are believed to be sites where Neanderthals may have mined flint for weapons and tools. Ancient Egyptians mined malachite at Maadi. At first, Egyptians used the bright green malachite stones for ornamentations and pottery. Mining in Egypt occurred in the earliest dynasties, and the gold mines of Nubia were among the largest and most extensive of any in Ancient Egypt, and are described by the Greek author Diodorus Siculus. He mentions that fire-setting was one method used to break down the hard rock holding the gold. One of the complexes is shown in one of earliest known maps. They crushed the ore and ground it to a fine powder before washing the powder for the gold dust. Mining in Europe has a very long pedigree, examples including the silver mines of Laurium, which helped support the Greek city state of Athens. However, it is the Romans who developed large scale mining methods, especially the use of large volumes of water brought to the miner disaggregated by numerous aqueducts. The water was used for a variety of purposes, including using it to remove overburden and rock debris, called hydraulic mining, as well as washing comminuted or crushed ores, and driving simple machinery. They used hydraulic mining methods on a large scale to prospect for the veins of ore, especially a now obsolete form of mining known as hushing. It involved building numerous aqueducts to supply water to the mine head where it was stored in large reservoirs and tanks. When a full tank was opened, the wave of water sluiced away the overburden to expose the bedrock underneath and any gold veins. The rock was then attacked by fire-setting to heat the rock, which would be quenched with a stream of water. The thermal shock cracked the rock, enabling it to be removed, aided by further streams of water from the overhead tanks. They used similar methods to work cassiterite deposits in Cornwall and lead ore in the Pennines. The methods had been developed by the Romans in Spain in 25 AD to exploit large alluvial gold deposits, the largest site being at Las Medulas, where seven long aqueducts were built to tap local rivers and to sluice the deposits. Spain was one of the most important mining regions, but all regions of the Roman Empire were exploited. They used reverse overshot water-wheels for dewatering their deep mines such as those at Rio Tinto. In Great Britain the natives had mined minerals for millennia, but when the Romans came, the scale of the operations changed dramatically. The Romans needed what Britain possessed, especially gold, silver, tin and lead. Roman techniques were not limited to surface mining. They followed the ore veins underground once opencast mining was no longer feasible. At Dolaucothi they stoped out the veins, and drove adits through barren rock to drain the stopes. The same adits were also used to ventilate the workings, especially important when fire-setting was used. At other parts of the site, they penetrated the water table and dewatered the mines using several kinds of machine, especially reverse overshot water-wheels. These were used extensively in the copper mines at Rio Tinto in Spain, where one sequence comprised 16 such wheels arranged in pairs, and lifting water about 80 feet (24 m). They were worked as treadmills with miners standing on the top slats. Many examples of such devices have been found in old Roman mines and some examples are now preserved in the British Museum and the National Museum of Wales. Mining in the medieval period is best known through the work De Re Metallica (1556) of Georg Agricola, who described many different mining methods then used in German and Saxon mines. Use of water power in the form of water mills was extensive; they were employed in crushing ore, raising ore from shafts and ventilating galleries by powering giant bellows. Black powder was first used in mining in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary (present-day Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia) in 1627. This allowed blasting of rock and earth to loosen and reveal ore veins, which was much faster than fire setting. In 1762, the world's first mining academy was established in the same town. In North America there are ancient, prehistoric copper mines along Lake Superior. Indians availed themselves of this copper starting at least 5000 years ago, and copper tools, and other artifacts that were part of an extensive native trade network have been discovered. In addition, obsidian, flint, and other minerals were mined, worked, and traded. While the early French explorers that encountered the sites made no use of the metals due to the difficulties in transporting it, the copper was eventually traded throughout the continent along major river routes. In Manitoba, Canada, there also are ancient quartz mines near Waddy Lake and surrounding regions. Mining in the United States became prevalent in the 19th century. As with the California Gold Rush in the mid 1800s, mining for minerals and precious metals, along with ranching, was a driving factor in the Westward Expansion to the Pacific coast. With the exploration of the West, mining camps were established and expressed a distinctive spirit, an enduring legacy to the new nation; Gold Rushers would experience the same problems as the Land Rushers of the transient West that preceded them. Aided by railroads, many traveled west for work opportunities in mining. Western cities such as Denver and Sacramento originated as mining towns.
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