Переведите письменно текст.
ASTONISHING COMPUTERS Not long ago computers were not very reliable and comparatively slow in operation. Since then, several generations of complex electronic computing eguipment have been developed, each being significantly better than the one before it. Almost every day a new use is found for these astonishing devices to help man. We know a computer to be a complex electronic device that can store and process vast guantifies of information. Following instructions computing eguipment can perform calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and provide the answers to a large variety of problems in a tiny fraction of time. A computer is known to be the “heart” of an electronic data processing system, other parts of eguipment being auxiliary. There are two main types of computers – digital and analogue. They work differently and yield different results, both the digital and the analogue computers must be “programmed”. These devices working by electronic impulses perform at fantastic speed and with great precision. Nowadays computer makers are working at the problem of introducing small computers into our everyday life making them personal. They are trying to develop a computer that will understand human language. Each new generation of computers opens up new possibilities for basic and applied research.
2. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы к тексту: 1. What two types of computing equipment do you know? 2. What are the main advantages of computers? 3. What problem are computer makers working at now?
3. Перепишите предложения, определите функции инфинитива, переведите предложения на русский язык(см.образец 1): 1. To solve this problem means to study the properties of this material. 2. The problem to be solved was discussed at the meeting. 3. To understand the importance of this invention you should know thermodynamics.
4. Укажите, какой инфинитивный оборот (субъектный инфинитивный оборот или объектный инфинитивный оборот) употреблен в данных предложениях. Переведите предложения: 1. The members of this scientific group want the new device to be tested immediately. 2. B.Pascal is known to be the first inventor of the mechanical computer. 3. Digital computers are likely to be wider used than analogue ones. 4. The desingner expected the electronic computer to perform over ten thousand operations every second.
5. Перепишите предложения, определите функции причастия I и причастия II, переведите предложения на русский язык (см образец 2): 1. The results received changed with materials used. 2. When applying these automatic devices we shall be able to control automatic lines used. 3. Robots are helping research scientists to answer many difficult questions.
6. Перепишите предложения, определите функции герундия, переведите предложения на русский язык(см образец 3): 1. Telemetry is the science of seeing some place without being there. 2. Upon adding heat we can change the state of a substance. 3. Ucreasing pressure leads to the decrease of gas volume.
7. Определите, чем является ing-форма в данных предложения (герундием или причастием): 1. Building houses we improve the living standard of people. 2. Building power stations is of great importance for the national economy.
8. Подберите русские эквиваленты к выделенным словам: 1. Studying the properties of new elements is of great importance for science. 2. Studying the properties of electrons physicists constructed a very accurate device. 1) изучая; 2) изучение
9. Выберите предложения с независимым причастным оборотом и переведите их: 1. Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details. 2. The temperature of a conductor being raised, the motion of the electrons in the conductor increases. 3. Special instruments measuring cosmic radio signals are being installed in the observatory. 4. Transistors are very sensitive to light, some of them reacting even to star-light. 5. The first man-made satellite having been sent up, it became possible to investigate various types of radiation. 6. Obtaining new data engineers can improve their knowledge. 7. The resistance being very large, the current in the circuit was small. 8. When improving the design the constructor made many calculations. 9. A great variety of substances are semi-conductors, germanium and silicon being the most important of them. 10. A series of attempts having been made, Lodygin came to a successful solution of the problem. Вариант 3
1. Переведите письменно текст.
TRANSLATING MACHINES 1.Machines for translating texts from one language into another are known to have been built many times and by different inventors. Soon after electronic engineers have designed computers, certain prospects were opened for applying them to translate text. 2.How does a computers translate a text? Let us suppose that we have an English text, which is to be translated into Russian. First a programmer translates it into a special machine language, the language of numbers. The text having been translated into a numbers language, the programmer assistant punches corresponding holes in a special paper tape. This time the operator converts the text into the language of hole combinations punched in the paper tape. The whole text having been translated into the code of punched hole combinations, the machine can now convert the text into the language of electric impulses and thus to introduce the information into a computer memory in the form of electromagnetic signals. 3.A computer has its own dictionary stored in its magnetic memory. To find a word in this magnetic dictionary, the computer compares the code number of a given word of the text with those stored in its electromagnetic memory. Having found the same number in the English memory, the computer selects the corresponding number code of the Russian equivalent. The number of the Russian equivalent is now converted into the corresponding Russian word and the machine types it in Russian letters on a paper sheet and show it on the screen of its display.
2. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы к тексту: 1. In what from are words stored in a computer memory? 2. What does a computer do to find a word in its magnetic dictionary? 3. How can a computer put out the information translated?
3. Перепишите предложения, определите функции инфинитива, переведите предложения на русский язык(см. образец 1): 1. To test this machine is rather difficult. 2. Information to be computed is stored usually in registers. 3. To solve this problem it is necessary to know the principles of modern electronics.
4. Укажите, какой инфинитивный оборот (субъектный инфинитивный оборот или объектный инфинитивный оборот) употреблён в данных предложениях. Переведите предложения: 1. In the laboratory we saw the perforator punch holes in the cards of standard size. 2. We know silver to be the best conducting materials. 3. All the details of the plan are supposed to have been explained to you. 4. The application of this device in our experiment is certain to give better results.
5. Перепишите предложения, определите функции причастия I и причастия II, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец 2): 1. The data obtained should be carefully analyzed. 2. The line showing the direction of a moving body is its trajectory. 3. Having finished the experiment the researches began to analyze the data obtained. 6. Перепишите предложения, определите функции герундия, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец 3): 1. Adding heat to a substance does not always cause a rise in its temperature. 2. We can produce heat by burhing oil, gas or any other fuel. 3. Their wish is mastering the fundamentals of radio-engineering.
7. Определите, чем является –ing- форма в данных предложениях (герундием или причастием): 1. Measuring temperature is necessary in many experiments. 2. Measuring temperature you must be attentive.
8. Подберите русские эквиваленты к выделенным словам: 1. Constructing a new type of device became passable after numerous experiments. 2. Constructing a new device the engineer used various materials. 1) конструирование; 2) конструируя
9. Выберите предложения с независимым причастным оборотом и переведите их: 1. Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details. 2. The temperature of a conductor being raised, the motion of the electrons in the conductor increases. 3. Special instruments measuring cosmic radio signals are being installed in the observatory. 4. Transistors are very sensitive to light, some of them reacting even to star-light. 5. The first man-made satellite having been sent up, it became possible to investigate various types of radiation. 6. Obtaining new data engineers can improve their knowledge. 7. The resistance being very large, the current in the circuit was small. 8. When improving the design the constructor made many calculations. 9. A great variety of substances are semi-conductors, germanium and silicon being the most important of them. 10. A series of attempts having been made, Lodygin came to a successful solution of the problem.
Вариант 4
1. Переведите письменно текст.
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT The central processing unit (CPU) or central processor is the nerve center of any digital computer system, since it coordinates and controls the activities of all the other units and performs all the arithmetic and logic processes to be applied to data. All program instructions to be executed must be held within the CPU, and all the data to be processed must be loaded first into this unit. It is convenient to consider the central processor to have three separate hardware sections: an internal or main memory, an arithmetic and logic unit, and a control unit. The CPU has two functions: it must (1) obtain instructions from the memory and interpret them, as well as perform the actual operations. The first function is executed by the control unit. Here we can separate the part of the control unit that interprets the instruction called the instruction decoder from the part that generates the control signals called the control generator. An instruction having been transmitted to the instruction decoder, where it is interpreted, the control generator senses this interpretation and then produces signals that tell the arithmetic unit which operation to perform. The second function of the CPU is performed by the arithmetic and logic unit which does the actual operations. This unit is capable of performing automatically different mathematical and logical operations. For the electronic engineer to understand the work of the CPU is quite necessary.
2. Ответьте письменно на следующие вопросы к тексту: 1. What is the general purpose of the control unit? 2. How many parts is the control unit composed of? What are they? 3. What is the arithmetic and logic unit?
3. Перепишите предложения, определите функции инфинитива, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец 1): 1. These methods are to be described in the next chapter. 2. The methods to be described are used in our laboratory. 3. These methods are too complex to be described by students.
4. Укажите, какой инфинитивный оборот (субъектный инфинитивный оборот или объектный инфинитивный оборот) употреблён в данных предложениях. Переведите предложения: 1. Computers today are said to become much easier to use and understand. 2. We want them to receive this information as soon as possible. 3. I have never heard anyone give so much interesting information in one report. 4. He is likely to be a great expert in computer technology.
5. Перепишите предложения, определите функции причастия I и II, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец 2): 1. The growing importance of automatic equipment in industry is known to everybody. 2. After Hertz had published his experiments proving the existence of electromagnetic waves, A. Popov used these waves to transmit signals. 3. Using the most modern equipment scientists are studying the atmosphere.
6. Перепишите предложения, определите функции герундия, переведите предложения на русский язык (см. образец 3 ): 1. In testing the devices they found some serious faults. 2. Testing the device is very important for our experiment. 3. Soviet physicists saw in semiconductors the way of solving complicated engineering problems.
7. Определите, чем является –ing- форма в данных предложениях (герундием или причастием): 1. Using electricity opened up great possibilities in various fields of science and industry. 2. Using electricity we could solve many problems in engineering.
8. Подберите русские эквиваленты к выделенным словам: 1. 1. Training specialist is of great importance for her further development of science and engineering. 2. 2. Training specialists the country creates its own intelligentsia. 1) Подготовка; 2) подготавливаться.
9. Выберите предложения с независимым причастным оборотом и переведите их: 1. Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details. 2. The temperature of a conductor being raised, the motion of the electrons in the conductor increases. 3. Special instruments measuring cosmic radio signals are being installed in the observatory. 4. Transistors are very sensitive to light, some of them reacting even to star-light. 5. The first man-made satellite having been sent up, it became possible to investigate various types of radiation. 6. Obtaining new data engineers can improve their knowledge. 7. The resistance being very large, the current in the circuit was small. 8. When improving the design the constructor made many calculations. 9. A great variety of substances are semi-conductors, germanium and silicon being the most important of them. 10. A series of attempts having been made, Lodygin came to a successful solution of the problem.
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