TEXT 19

The main people’s problems

Such products as glue, butane gas, solvents are made on solvent base. That is why they can be used for sniffing and then receiving post effects of visual hallucinations. Solvents are usually commercial products, like glue, nail polish remover, aerosols, gas lighter fuel and petrol, which give off a vapour. When the vapour is inhaled, it can make you feel light-headed, happy, dizzy. The effects can last up to an hour, depending on what, and how much was inhaled. Sol­vents are depressant drugs.

It is estimated that one of five young people in Britain have used solvents. It is the second most commonly used drug for this age group. Talking about our country, there is no exact statistics concerning this fact, but it is not a secret that the number of

«sniffers» is growing and yet has reached a tremen­dous index. It happens, because such substances are the most available and cheap.

Because solvents are often sniffed from a plastic bag, some­times covering the head, there is a risk of suffocation, if the user becomes unconscious. Solvent use is extremely dangerous. Nobody knows exact­ly how many children die in our country, because of solvent addiction. For example, in Great Britain in 1999 thirty nine young people died as a direct result of inhaling butane lighter fluid. This is ten times more than die from Ecstasy.

In Great Britain it is prohibited to sell solvent-based pro­ducts to children under 18s. It is illegal there. Here, in our country, there is no such legislation concerning this problem, which is becoming worse day after day. More people are abusing drugs today than in any other time in history of mankind, and many of those people are youth. Understanding what drugs are is fundamental for under­standing their potential abuse. Drugs are a psychoactive sub­stance. A psychoactive substance is something that people take to change the way they feel, think or behave. Some of these substances are called drugs and others, like alcohol and tobac­co, are considered dangerous, but are not called drugs. The term drug also covers a number of substances that must be used under medical supervision to treat illnesses.

In the past, most drugs were made from plants. That is, plants were grown and then converted into drugs such as coca paste, opium and marijuana. Over the years, these crude pro­ducts were further processed to drugs like cocaine and heroin and finally, in the 20th century, people found out how to make drugs from chemicals. These are called man-made or synthe­tic drugs and include ecstasy, LSD, etc. These were initially manufactured for largely experimental reasons and only later were used for recreational purposes. Now, however, with the increased size and scope of the drug trade, people set out to invent drugs especially for human consumption.

For the first time in human history, a whole industrial com­plex creates and produces drugs that are meant to be used for the sole purpose of «having fun.» People use drugs just to es­cape the reality, to have fun. The majority of them are young, even very young, who do not understand what might happen to them because of drugs.

AIDS is an insidious and up to the present moment incu­rable but less contagious disease than measles or hepatitis B. AIDS is thought to be caused primarily by a virus that invades white blood cells (lymphocytes) and certain other body cells, including the brain. In 1983 and 1984, French and U.S. re­searchers independently identified the virus believed to cause AIDS as an unusual type of slow-acting retrovirus now called «human immunodeficiency virus» or HIV. Like other viruses, HIV is basically a tiny package of genes. But being a retrovi­rus, it has the rare capacity to copy and insert its genes right into a human DNA. Once inside a human host cell, the retrovi­rus using its own capacities begins to copy its genetic code into a DNA molecule which is then incorporated into the host's DNA. The virus becomes an integral part of the person's body. But the viral DNA may sit hidden and inactive within human cells for years, until some trigger stimulates it to replicate. Thus HIV may not produce illness until its genes are «turned on» five, ten, fifteen or perhaps more years after the initial infection.

During the latent period, HIV carriers who harbour the vi­rus without any sign of illness can unknowingly infect others. On average, the dormant virus seems to be triggered into ac­tion three to six years after first invading human cells. When switched on, viral replication may speed along, producing new viruses that destroy fresh lymphocytes. As viral replication spreads, the lymphocyte destruction virtually sabotages the entire immune system. In essence, HIV viruses do not kill peo­ple, they merely render the immune system defenceless against other infections, e.g. yeast invasions, toxoplasmosis, cytome-galovirus, massive herpes infections, special forms of pneu­monia that kill in half of all AIDS patients. That is AIDS. There are several types of AIDS. No one has been cured up to the present moment.

 

 

Questions:

1. Why can solvents be used for receiving post effects of visual hallucinations?

2. What are solvents?

3. Why is there a risk of suffocation for people sniffing solvents?

4. What are drugs? What kind of drugs do you know?

5. What naturally occurring drugs do you know?

6. Why do people use drugs?

7. Is AIDS very contagious disease in comparison with other Viruses?

8. Who and when identified the virus?

9. What is HIV? What rare capacity for viruses has HIV?

10.Does HIV kill the carrier instantly? Can HIV kill human body itself?

Vocabulary:

glue клей

to sniff нюхать

hallucination галлюцинация

nail polish remover жидкость для снятия лака

gas lighter fuel газ для заправки зажигалок

vapour пар

to inhale вдыхать

to feel dizzy, light-headed испыты­вать головокружение

tremendous огромный

index показатель

substance вещество, субстанция

suffocation удушье

to become (past became, p.p. become) unconscious поте­рять сознание

extremely крайне

solvent addiction токсикомания

to prohibit запрещать

illegal незаконный

legislation законодательство

to abuse злоупотреблять

drugs наркотики

mankind человечество

youth молодежь

substance вещество

supervision зд. лечение, предписание

to treat лечить

illness болезнь

crude сырой

ecstasy экстази

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) ЛСД

insidious коварный

incurable неизлечимый

contagious заразный

measles корь

hepatitis В гепатит Б

to invade вторгаться

white blood cells белые кровяные тельца

lymphocytes лимфоциты

retrovirus ретровирус

HIV ВИЧ

gene ген

DNA ДНК

trigger «пусковой механизм»

to replicate размножаться

the initial infection первоначальное инфицирование

latent period латентный (скрытый) период

to harbour зд. иметь, носить

dormant спящий

yeast зд. грибок

toxoplasmosis токсоплазмоз

cytomegalovirus цитомегаловирус, ЦМВ

massive herpes infections тяжелая форма герпеса

Dialogue:

- Well, Ken, if you ask me, there is too much to complain about being young. It can really be hard sometimes, especially when your parents hardly ever leave you alone.

- You’re telling me! I quite like my Mum and Dad, but they are always ready to criticise me.

- Oh, it’s really bad. Frankly, I’m having a big argument with my parents at the moment. I ask them to buy me a motorbike, but they say I can’ ride one.

- Although, sometimes it’s just the opposite. See, I’m 17. And I can join the army, right? But I’m not allowed to see war films, because they say they are too violent.

- That’s really unfair. Actually, when we go on a train or bus, we are adults. I have to pay full price for the ticket.

- I can understand how you feel. I can have a partr-time job and get some money.

- Hey, don’t talk about money. I don’t even have enough to cover my daily expenses. I can’t wait till I leave school and get a full-time job.

- Oh, no. That would really come as a shock for my parents, they want me to study further.

Translate into English:

1. Растворители — это обычный коммерческий товар, по­добно клею, жидкости для снятия лака, аэрозолям, газу для заправки зажигалок, все они выделяют пары растворителя.

2. В Великобритании за­прещено продавать вещества на основе растворителей людям моложе 18 лет.

3. Сегодня количество людей, употребляющих наркотики, намного больше, чем за всю предыдущую историю челове­чества, и многие из этих людей — молодежь.

4. Психотропное вещество — это то, что люди используют, чтобы изменить способ восприятия, мышления и поведения.

5. Растения выращивались и затем превращались в наркотики, такие как коковая паста, опиум или мариху­ана.

6. Впервые в человеческой истории целый промышленный комплекс задействован в создании и поставке наркотиков, которые используются для единствен­ной цели — «получения кайфа».

7. СПИД коварен и до настоящего момента не излечим, но менее инфекционен, чем корь или гепатит Б.

8. В 1983 и 1984 годах французские и амери­канские исследователи выдели­ли данный вирус, который, как считалось, вызывал разви­тие необычного типа ретровируса замедленного действия, теперь называемого «вирус иммунной недостаточности че­ловека» или ВИЧ.

9. Инфицированный вирусом ДНК может сидеть скрытно и бездействовать в че­ловеческих клетках в течение многих лет, пока некоторый «пусковой механизм» не активирует его на размножение.

10. ВИЧ-вирусы не убивают людей, они просто делают иммунную си­стему беззащитной против других заразных болезней, напри­мер, грибков, токсоплазмоза, цитомегаловируса, тяжелой формы герпеса, особых форм пневмонии, которые убивают больных СПИДом в половине всех случаев.