Grammatical categories of the English verb.
To start – grammatically the verb is the most complicated part of speech. It posesses the categories: Person, Number, Tense, Aspect, Voice, Mood, Finitude (кат. відмінюваності; this category maybe good to start with) Категорія – група слів, явищ, які характеризуються спільними рисами. Grammatical category is a group of linguistic units which are characterized by oppositions on the basis of different grammatical meaning (oppose each other). These groups are characterized by their individual grammatical meaning. Finitude – opposition of forms among English which are able to express predication and which to express predication, can make sentences and cannot make sentences. V. with person….mood are marked opposition (morphemes that distinguish them) Non-Finite: Infinitive, Gerund, Participle I, Participle II Marker of a category: 2 colons (::) Person: ‘s – presence of this form in 3rd person singular, active voice, indicative mood, ‘s marks the marked member of opposition, Number:Plural-singular, Is-are; was-were, Tense:Traditionally – 3 members of opposition (Present, Past, Future),Present – no ending, or ‘s,Past – ed Future – will/shall, Some scholars believe that in Enlish only 2 members (Past, Present; or Present and non-Present) Bachudarova, Bloch, Aspect Continous (marked) -non-continuous (Indefinite, non-marked) To be+ ing (or Participle I), Voice - Passive (marked)-active Perfect - non-Perfect, Meaning of Perfect – precedence of the action (before the action) Mood - Real action – unreal action, Indicative-imperative-subjunctive 3. Synthetic and analytical grammatical forms in English. - Synthetic – within the structure of the word Analyt – outside. Meaning – lexical meaning (, grammatical meaning (adds new meaning to the forms) Synth – lexical and gram meaning in one word, Anal – lexical in one word, gramm in diff. word Means: synth (affixes, prefixes…), anal (word order, stress,… 4.Cohesion and coherence in the text. - Text is a unit of language; a super suntactical level unit; sequence of sentences connected logically and semantically Realises itself in Discourse. Coherence – logical connectednes (general idea, objective – according to Stoudenets’); coherent – by content, Cohesion – grammatical connectedness - Additive – and, or, futhermore, in fact, Adversative (протиставлення) – one the one hand, anyway, Causal: Temporal: then, Cataphoric – referring forward. Anaphoric – referring backward Deixis – “to point out” – necessary to know where the action takes place – deictic markers – person, time, place.
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