HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

1.The historical development of analytical forms of the verbs in English.

Synthetical form form is the inner form of a word

Analytical form is a outer f. – is grammatical form which is a signal…

E.g.: Never mix up grammatical and lexical meaning of the word

– grammatical meaning. – root form – generalized, referred to more than one form – 1^st pers. Sing

Lexical meaning. – individual meaning. Grammatical means – synth. (affixes – suff, preff and infixes and analitical.Infixes sometimes are called sound alteration (man-men)

Analytical – auxiliary words, change of stress and word order

‘s – 3 grammatical markers – 1per, sing – synthetical marker

Not many synthetical forms in English -s, -ing, -ed, -er (degree of comparison)

First analytical f. appeared in the end of Old English period – forms of future (see the table 81)

2. The historical development of plural forms of nouns in English. Development of plural ending:

Development of plural ending

To say that the only form of plural and –s is incorrect (0-endign[sheep-sheep, beer-beer]. So ending –s (es) goes back to the plural ending of nouns of masculine gender a-stem declension. -à table 40

a-stem declension was the most used and inductive (influence other nouns to accepts its ending)

Many nouns, especially masc and neutral g. take ending (-s, -es)

– analogical form

– Historical form

The ending –n goes back to the weak declension of nouns (-an in Old English reduced and became –n) – naman – namen

Root declension (foot-feet, goose – geese), Book [boc] – (root declension)

Process of unification

0-ending (навіть в українській мові – «риба» і для однини і множини)

0-ending for plural goes back to a-stem declension of neuter gender with a long root vowel (ship [scip], sheep -;

(later into English come words from Latin and Greek – medium – media, phenomenon – phenomena)

3. Classification of OE verbs. 4 main groups of verbs: