В английском языке глагол имеет два залога: действительный (the Active Voice) и страдательный (the Passive Voice). Глагол употребляется действительном залоге, если подлежащим, в предложении является лицо или предмет, производящие действие:
John cooked the dinner last night.
Джон приготовил обед вчера.
Глагол в страдательном залоге выражает действие, которое направлено на лицо или предмет, выраженное подлежащим:
The dinner was cooked by John last night.
Вчера обед был приготовлен Джоном.
Страдательный залог образуется при помощи глагола to be в соответствующем времени и причастия II смыслового глагола. В страдательном залоге употребляются следующие времена:
| Indefinite
Констатация факта
| Continuous
Процесс
| Perfect
Завершенность
|
| Present
|
To be + Ved/V3
I am
He
She is instructed
It
You
They are
We
I am instructed
|
To be + being + V3/Ved
I am
He
She is being instructed
It
You
They are
We
I am being instructed now
|
Have/has + been + V3/Ved
I
You
They have
We
been instructed
He
She has
It
I have been already instructed
|
| Past
|
Was/were + V3/Ved
I
He
She was
It
Instructed
You
They were
We
I was instructed
|
Was/were + being + V3/Ved
I
He
She was
It
being instructed
You
They were
We
I was being instructed when he came
|
Had + been + V3/Ved
I
He
She
It had been instructed
You
They
We
I had been instructed before he came
|
| Future
|
Will/shall be V3/Ved
I
We shall
He be instructed
She
It will
You
They
I shall be instructed tomorrow
|
____________
|
Will/shall + have + been + V3/Ved
I
We shall
He have been
She instructed
It will
You
They
I shall have been instructed by 3 tomorrow
|
