Ознайомтесь з терминами тексту 2.

 

performance — робоча характеристика; параметри; продуктивність; швидкодія

to predict — прогнозувати

capability — здатність; можливість

branch of science — галузь науки

to embrace — охоплювати

circuit assembly — збірка схеми

film technique — плівкова технологія (метод, спосіб)

invisible to unaided eye — невидимий неозброєному оку

to react — реагувати

speed of response — швидкість реакції (відгуку)

advantage / disadvantage — гідність, перевага / недолік

benefit — вигода, користь; допомагати, приносити користь

to result from — виникати, відбуватися в результаті

packing density — щільність упаковки

small-scale integrated circuit — мала інтегральна схема (МІС)

medium-scale IС — середня інтегральна схема (СИС)

large-scale IС— велика інтегральна схема (БІС)

very-large-scale IС— надвелика інтегральна схема (СБІС)

fineline — прецизійний; з елементами зменшених розмірів

transmission line — лінія передачі

waveguide — хвилевід

to emerge — з'являтися, виникати

to displace — переміщати, зміщувати

mode — вигляд, метод, спосіб; режим роботи

pattern — шаблон, зразок; образ, зображення

power — потужність, енергія, живлення; продуктивність, швидкодія; здатність, можливість

 

8. Прочитайте текст 2 і скажіть, як ви розумієте терміни «мікроелектроніка» і «мікромініатюрізация». Перекладіть текст.

Text 2. MICROELECTRONICS AND MICROMINIATURIZATION

 

The intensive effort of electronics to increase the reliability and performance of its products while reducing their size and cost led to the results that hardly anyone could predict. The evolution of electronic technology js sometimes called a revo­lution: a quantitative change in technology gave rise to qualita­tive change in human capabilities. There appeared a new branch of science — microelectronics.

Microelectronics embraces electronics connected with the realization of electronic circuits, systems and subsystems from very small electronic devices. Microelectronics is a name for extremely small electronic components and circuit assemblies, made by film or semiconductor techniques. A microelectronic technology reduced transistors and other circuit elements to dimensions almost invisible to unaided eye. The point of this extraordinary miniaturization is to make circuits long-lasting, low in cost, and capable of performing electronic functions at extremely high speed. It is_ known that the speed of response depends on the size of transistor: the smaller the transistor, the faster it is. The smaller the computer, the faster it can work.

One more advantage of microelectronics is that smaller de­vices consume less power. In space satellites and spaceships this is a very important factor.

Another benefit resulting from microelectronics is the reduc­tion of distances between circuit components. Packing density increased with the appearance of small-scale integrated circuit, medium-scale IC, large-scale IC and very-large-scale IC. The change in scale was pieasured by the number of transistors on a chip. There appeared a new type of integrated circuits, micro­wave integrated circuit. The evolution of microwave 1С began with the development of planar transmission lines.Then new IC components in a fineline transmission line appeared. Other more exotic techniques, such as dielectric waveguide integrat­ed circuits emerged.

Microelectronic technique is continuing to displace other modes. Circuit patterns are being formed with radiation having wavelength shorter than those of light.

Electronics has extended man's intellectual power. Micro­electronics extends that power still further.

 

9. Проглянете текст ще раз. Дайте відповіді на питання, використовуючи інформацію тексту

 

1. What would you say about electronics? 2. Why is the de­velopment of electronics called a revolution? 3. What is micro­electronics? 4. What techniques does microelectronics use? What is the benefit of reducing the size of circuit elements? What do you understand by the term of microminiaturiza­tion? 7. What does the speed of the signal response depend on? 8. What advantages of microelectronics do you know? 9. What scales of integration are known to you? 10. How are microelectronics techniques developing?

 

10. Знайдіть в тексті англійські еквіваленти наступних словосполучень:

 

Інтенсивні зусилля; збільшити надійність; збільшити параметри; зменшити розмір і вартість; навряд чи хто-небудь міг прогнозувати; кількісні і якісні зміни; галузь науки; плівкова технологія; напівпровідниковий метод; скорочувати елементи схеми; суть мініатюризації в тому, що; створити схеми з довгим терміном служби; надзвичайно висока швидкість реакції; чим менше, тим швидше; перевага; витрачати енергію; користь; зменшення відстані між елементами схеми; велика інтегральна схема; мікрохвильова інтегральна схема; хвилевід; лінія передач; зміщувати; зображення схем; розширювати можливості людини.

 

11. Перекладіть наступні слова. Зверніть увагу на те, що префікси dis-, in-, un-y поп- ir- надають словам негативне значення.

 

dis-: disadvantage; disconnect; disappear, disclose; discom­fort; discontinue; discount; discredit; discriminate; disintegrate.

in-: invisible; inaccurate; inactive; incapable; incompact; insignificant; inhuman; informal; ineffective; indifferent; inde­cisive; inconsumable; incorrect.

un -; uncontrollable; unbelievable; unable; unchanged; un­comfortable; uncommunicative; undisciplined; unexpected; unfavourable; unforgettable; unkind.

поп-: non-effective; non-aggressive; noncomparable; non-computable; nonconstant; noncontrollable; nondigital; nondi-mensional; nonprogrammable; nonusable.

ir-; irregular; irrelative; irresponsive; irrational; irreplaceable; irrecognizable.

 

12. Пригадаєте утворення пасивного стану - to be (у потрібному часі) + 3-я форма дієслова..

А. Знайдіть п'ять випадків вживання пасивного стану в тексті 1 і чотири випадки - в тексті 2. Перекладіть речення.

Б. Перетворіть наступні речення дійсного способу в пасивний за зразком:

People widely use electronic devices -

Electronic devices are widely used by people.

 

1. Electronic devices control the work of power stations. 2. They calculate the trajectories of spaceships. 3. People dis­cover new phenomena of nature due to electronic devices. Scientists designed a variety of tubes for specialized functions. American scientists invented the transistor in 1948. 6. Inte­grated circuits greatly reduced the size of devices. 7. New types of integrated circuits increased packing density. 8. Electronics has extended man's intellectual power. 9. Scientists are looking for new ways for the improvement of integrated circuits tech­nology. 10. Jack Kilby developed the concept of integrating de­vice and built the first 1С in 1958.

 

13. Прочитайте текст (за варіантами) і дайте заголовок. Виконайте письмовий переклад тексту за варіантами.

 

1. It is well known that the quick development of electron­ics began with the invention of transistors. They replaced elec­tronic tubes due to their numerous advantages. One of the main advantages of the transistors in comparison with the vacuum tube is absence of filament power loss. One of the principal causes of damages in electronic circuitry is high temperature. The heat causes breakdown of tubes and other circuit elements that are very sensitive to this influence. The transistor, on the other hand, does not heat its surroundings.

Another advantage of the transistor is its long life. The life of the average transistor is more than ten thousand operating hours. Because of its long lifetime and raggedness, the transis­tor is very reliable and has much better efficiency in professional equipment.

2. As we know, transistors replaced electronic tubes due to their numerous advantages. One of the advantages of the tran­sistor is its small dimensions. Because of their small size, the absence of heating and other properties, transistors make it pos­sible to produce compact, small-dimensioned electronic devices which consume very little power.

In conclusion it is important to note that transistors revolu­tionized many fields of technology. They are successfully used for direct transformation of heat energy by means of thermal elements. They are also used to convert radiant energy into elec­tricity with the help of photocells or solar batteries. Light sources and lasers are built on the basis of transistors. They find wide application in computers, automatic devices, aviation, commu­nication, etc.

Notes ___________________________________

Filament power loss — відсутність енергії на нитці напруження

 

 

TESTS

1. Заповніть пропуски необхідними словами.

 

1. Transistors have many_ over vacuum tubes.

a) patterns; b) advantages; c) scales

2. They____ very little power.

a) consume; b) generate; c) embrace

3. An integrated circuit is a group of elements connected
together by some circuit___ technique.

a) processing; b) assembly; c) manipulation

4. The transistor consists of a small piece of a with three electrods.

a) diode; b) conductor; c) semiconductor.

5. Modern_____ began in the early 20^th century with the invention of electronic tubes.

a) miniaturization; b) electronics; c) microelectronics

6. John Fleming was the_____ of the first two-electrode vacuum tube.

a) generator; b) receiver; c) inventor

7. One of the transistor advantages was lower power, in comparison with vacuum tubes.

a) consumption; b) reception; c) transmission.

8. Microelectronics greatly extended man's intellectual

a) subsystems; b) capabilities; c) dimensions

 

2. Розкрийте дужки і виберіть дієслово в необхідному способі: активному або пасивному

 

1. Electronic devices (help; are helped) people discover new phenomena of nature. 2. The transistor (replaced; was replaced) by vacuum tubes thanks to its numerous advantages. 3. Due to transistors all circuit functions (carried out; were carried out) inside semiconductors. 4. Electronic devices (use; are used) in scientific research. 5. Before the invention of the transistor its function (performed; was performed) by vacuum tubes. 6. The reliability of electronic systems (connect; is connected) with the number of descrete components. 7. Semiconductor integrated circuits (helped; were helped) to increase reliability of devices. 8. New types of integrated circuits (have developed; have been developed) lately.

Unit3 HISTORY OF COMPUTERS