Ознайомтесь с терминами тексту 1.

 

computer literacy — - комп'ютерна письменність

problem-solving device — - пристрій, що забезпечує рішення задачі

be aware of — розуміти, усвідомлювати

opportunity — можливість

basics — основи

application — застосування; використання

to restate — переглянути, переосмислити

significant — значний

achievements — досягнення

computing — обчислення; рахуванння; робота на комп'ютері

to embrace — охоплювати

dimension — вимірювання

instruction — команда, інструкція, вказівка

to direct the operation — направляти роботу

to process — обробляти

subscription magazine — журнал по підписиці

data processing system — система обробки даних

store manager — директор магазину

to have much in common — мати багато спільного

 

2. Прочитайте текст і скажіть, як ви розумієте терміни «інформаційне суспільство» і «комп'ютерна письменість».

Text 1. COMPUTER LITERACY

 

Informed citizens of our information-dependent society shoud be computer-literate, which means that they should be able to use computers as everyday problem-solving devices. They should be aware of the potential of computers to influence the quality of life.

There was a time when only priviliged people had an oppor­tunity to learn the basics, called the three R's: reading, writing, and arithmetics. Now, as we are quickly becoming an informa­tion-becoming society, it is time to restate this right as the right to learn reading, writing and computing. There is little doubt that computers and their many applications are among the most sig­nificant technical achievements of the century. They bring with them both economic and social changes. "Computing" is a con­cept that embraces not only the old third R, arithmetics, but also a new idea — computer literacy.

In an information society a person who is computer-literate need not be an expert on the design of computers. He needn't even know much about how to prepare programs which are the instructions that direct the operations of computers. All of us are already on the way to becoming computer-literate. Just think of your everyday life. If you receive a subscription magazine in the post-office, it is probably addressed to you by a computer. If you buy something with a bank credit card or pay a bill by check, computers help you process the information. When you check out at the counter of your store, a computer assists the checkout clerk and the store manager. When you visit your doc­tor, your schedules and bills and special services, such as labo­ratory tests, are prepared by computer. Many actions that you have taken or observed have much in common. Each relates to some aspect of a data processing system.

 

3. Проглянете текст 1 ще раз. Дайте відповіді на запитання, використовуючи інформацію тексту.

 

1.What does "a computer-literate person" mean? 2. Are you aware of the potential of computers to influence your life? 3. What do the people mean by "the basics"? 4. What is the role of computers in our society? 5. What is "computing'? 6. What is a program? 7. Prove that we all are on the way to becoming computer-literate. 8. Give examples of using computers in ev­eryday life.

4. Прочитайте, Перекладіть і запам'ятаєте наступні вирази:

 

An information-dependent society; a computer-literate cit­izen; an everyday problem-solving device; to be aware; to in­fluence the quality of life; to have an opportunity; to learn the basics; to learn computing; the most significant technical achievements; to embrace computer literacy; to prepare pro­grams; to direct the operations of a computer; to be on the way of becoming computer-literate; to process information; to have much in common; a data processing system.

5. Пригадаєте утворення і випадки вживання The Past Simple Tense.

А. Назвіть три форми наступних неправильних дієслів:

То be; to have; to mean; to learn; to become; to bring; to know; to think; to buy; to pay; to take; to do; to begin; to give; to make;, to keep; to get; to read; to show.

Б. Трансформуйтенаступні речення в PastSimple.

 

1. Many people have an opportunity to use computers. There is no doubt that computers solve problems very quickly. Instructions direct the operation of a computer. 4. Computers bring with them both economic and social changes. 5. Comput­ing embraces not only arithmetics, but also computer literacy. 6.It is well known that computers prepare laboratory tests. 7. Those persons are computer literate and think of buying a new computer. 8. They receive a subscription magazine once a month. 9. My mother is ill and visits her doctor every other day. 10. Experts know much about how to prepare programs.

6. Ознайомтеся з термінами тексту 2

 

intricate — складний, заплутаний

electronic circuit — електронний ланцюг, схема

to operate switches — приводити в дію перемикачі

to store numbers — запам'ятовувати числа

to manipulate — управляти; звертатися; перетворювати

to input / to feed in — вводити (інформацію)

to turn on = to switch on — включати

to turn off = to switch off— вимикати

to process data — обробляти дані

to supply — подавати, вводити, забезпечувати, забезпечувати

addition — додавання

subtraction — віднімання

division —ділення

multiplication — множення

exponentiation — піднесення до степеня

user — користувач

input device — пристрій введення

disk drive — дисковий пристрій, що запам'ятовує, дисковод

tape drive — пристрій, що запам'ятовує, на магнітній стрічці

cathode-ray tube — електронопроменева трубка

to make decisions — ухвалювати рішення

instantaneously — миттєво, негайно

 

7. Прочитайте текст 2 і скажіть, що таке комп'ютер і які його основні функції.

 

Text 2. WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

 

A computer is a machine with an intricate network of elec­tronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one or two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized or demag­netized. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters (symbols).

The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the ma­chine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or magnetize or do not magne­tize the cores.

The basic job of computers is processing of information. For this reason computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions, called a program, and characters, called data, perform mathematical and / or logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations. The program, or part of it, which tells the comput­ers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.

It is considered that computers have many remarkable pow­ers. However most computers, whether large or small, have three basic capabilities.

First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic op­erations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.

Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user. After all, if we couldn't feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn't be of much use. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use ter­minals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes. The computer's input device (a disk drive or tape drive) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information two common devices used are: a printer, printing the new information on paper, and a cathode-ray-tube display, which shows the results on a TV-like screen.

Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: "Who would win the war between two coun­tries?" or "Who is the richest person in the world?" Unfortu­nately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Are two numbers equal? and, Is one number greater than another?

A computer can solve a series of problems and make thou­sands of logical decisions without becoming tired. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time it takes a human being to do the job.

A computer can replace people in dull, routine tasks, but it works according to the instructions given to it. There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical 'brain', but its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the necessary information; but because electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out great numbers of arithmetic-logical operations almost instan­taneously. A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.

8. Перекладіть текст. Дайте відповіді на запитання, використовуючи інформацію тексту.

 

1. What is a computer? 2. What are the two possible states of the switches? 3. What are the main functions of a computer? 4. In what way can we make the computer do what we want? 5. What is the basic task of a computer? 6. In what form does a computer accept information? 7. What is a program? 8. What are data? 9. What is memory? 10. What three basic capabilities have computers? 11. What are the ways of inputting informa­tion into the computer? 12. What is the function of an input device? 13. What devices are used for outputting information? 14. What decisions can the computer make? 15. What are the computer's achievements limited by?

1. Знайдіть в тексті 2 англійські еквіваленти наступних словосполучень:

 

Складна мережа електронних ланцюгів; управляти (приводити в дію) перемикачами; можливі стани; зберігати (запам'ятовувати) числа; обробляти символи; за допомогою введення сигналів; вмикати; вимикати; розмагнічувати сердечники; обробка інформації; інформація у вигляді команд; символи, які називаються даними; виконувати математичні операції; видавати результати; забезпечувати необхідну інформацію; мати чудові можливості; основні властивості; складання, віднімання, ділення, множення; піднесення до ступеня; засоби для спілкування з користувачем; пристрій введення; дисковод; прочитувати інформацію; виведення інформації; катоднопорменева трубка; ухвалювати рішення; виконувати тисячі логічних операцій; без втоми; знаходити рішення задачі; значно менший проміжок часу; людина; нудна рутинна робота; відповідно до введеної програми; виробляти свої думки; можливості обмежені програмою, закладеною в нього людиною; дати необхідну інформацію; електричні імпульси; із швидкістю світла; миттєво проводити величезну кількість математичних операцій; людині може не вистачити всьому життю, щоб закінчити роботу

 

10. Складіть пари або групи близьких за значенням слів з переліку, наведеного нижче.:

 

Наприклад: A. to perform, to exercise, to carry out; B. a man, a person, a human being;

Verbs: to turn on, to provide, to type, to accept, to help, to learn, to observe, to call, to tell, to keep, to feed, to solve, to relate, to switch off, to communicate, to receive, to supply, to switch on, to assist, to print, to study, to input, to turn off, to decide, to store, to say, to name, to watch.

Nouns: work, machine, fundamentals, display, application, capabilities, job, storage, screen, state, basics, use, concept, specialist, journal, character, memory, idea, expert, magazine, position, symbol, command, data, solution, device, instruction, powers, information, decision.

Adjectives: basic, tiny, common, small, main, significant, routine, general, remarkable, uninterested, intricate, important, wonderful, complex, little.

Adverbs: rapidly, probably, instantaneously, in a moment, quickly, perhaps.

11. Виконайтее письмовий переклад тексту 3 по варіантах.

 

Text3. APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS

 

1. At present a great deal of the work force of most coun­tries is engaged in creating, processing, storing, communicat­ing and just working with information. Computers have become commonplace in homes, offices, stores, schools, research insti­tutes, plants.

The use of computers in business, industry and communi­cation services is widespread today. Computer-controlled robots are able to improve the quality of manufactured products and to increase the productivity of industry. Computers can control the work of power stations, plants and docks. They help in mak­ing different decisions and in management of economy.

The work of banks depends upon computer terminals for millions of daily operations. Without these terminals, records of deposits and withdrawals would be difficult to maintain, and it would be impossible to make inquiries about the current sta­tus of customer accounts.

Computers form a part of many military systems including communication and fire control. They are applied for automatic piloting and automatic navigation. Space exploration depends on computers for guidance, on-board environment and re­search.

2. Computers find application in astronomy and upper at­mosphere research. Weather forecasting, library information services can benefit from computers too.

It is interesting to note that computers are widely used in medicine. They became valuable medical diagnostic tools. Computers are used for optical scanning and image processing, ranging from pattern recognition to image processing. Techni­cians can operate computer tomography scanners which com­bine x-rays with computer technology to give sectional views of the body of patients. The views then can be combined into a single image shown on the screen.

It should be noticed that learning on a computer can be fun. Students spend more time with computer-aided instruction per­forming the assigned task, as compared with conventional class­room.

At last air traffic control is impossible without computer ap­plication. It fully depends upon computer-generated informa­tion.

Many other uses of computers that we cannot imagine at present will become commonplace in the transition from an industrial to post industrial, or information society.

Notes

to maintain records — вести облік

deposits and withdrawal — внески і вилучення (виїмка)

guidance — управління; керівництво

on-board environment — бортове оточення

pattern recognition — розпізнавання образів

 

TESTS

 

1. Виберіть варіант, який краще всього виражає головну ідею тексту 2.

 

a) Computers are devices that accept information in the form of instructions.

в) The switches are usualy in one of two states: magne­tized or demagnetized.

c) Computers are remarkable devices serving for process­ing and storage the information and for solving problems.

 

2. Заповніть пропуски необхідними словами.

 

1. Information is given into the computer in the form of

a) ideas; b) characters; c) rules

2. The basic function of a computer is_ information.

a) to switch; b) to keep; c) to process

3. The data needed for solving problems are kept in the

a) memory; b) input device; c) output device

4. Inputting information into the computer is realized by means of.

a) a printer; b) letters; c) diskettes

5. A computer can carry out arithmetic-logical operations

a) quickly; b) instantaneously; c) during some minutes

6. Computers have become_ in homes, offices, research institutes.

a) commonwealth; b) commonplace; c) common room

7. Space____ uses computers widely.

a) information; b) production; c) exploration

8. Computers are used for image_.

a) processing; b) operating; c) producing

9. Computers help in__ of economy.

a) invironment; b) management; c) government.

10. Air traffic control depends on computer- informa­tion.
a) generated; b) instructed; c) combined

3. Підберіть до термінів, даних в лівій колонці, визначення, представлені справа.

1.	Computer	a) a machine by which information is received from the computer;
2.	Data	b) a device capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and charac­ters;
3.	Input device	c) an electronic machine that processes data under the control of a stored pro­gram;
4.	Memory	d) a disk drive reading the information into the computer;
5.	Output device	e) information given in the form of characters.

 

Unit 2 DEVELOPMENT OF MICROELECTRONICS

 

1. Ознайомтеся з термінами тексту 1..

 

applied physics — прикладна фізика

generation — створення, формування, вироблення

scientific research — наукові дослідження

due to the efforts — завдяки зусиллям

manipulation — управління; обробка; перетворення

to replace vacuum tubes — замінювати електронні лампи

a piece of semiconductor — напівпровідниковий кристал

reduced weight — зменшена вага

power consumption — споживання (витрата) електроенергії

to carry out — виконувати; здійснювати

solid body — тверде тіло; кристал; напівпровідник

to respond — відповідати; реагувати

at a rate — з швидкістю

integrated circuit (IС) — інтегральна схема

batch processing — пакетна обробка

to assemble — збирати; вмонтовувати

to lower manufacturing — знизити продуктивність

to increase reliability — збільшити надійність

2. Прочитайте текст і скажіть, що вивчає електроніка і які відкриття сприяли її розвитку.

Text 1. DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONICS

 

Electronics is a field of engineering and applied physics deal­ing with the design and application of electronic circuits. The operation of circuits depends on the flow of electrons for gen­eration, transmission, reception and storage of information.

Today it is difficult to imagine our life without electronics. It surrounds us everywhere. Electronic devices ajre. widely used in scientific research and industrial designing, they control the work of plants and power stations, calculate the trajectories of space-ships and help the people discover new phenomena of nature. Automatization of production processes and studies on living organisms became possible due to electronics.

The invention of vacuum tubes at the beginning of the 20^th century was, the starting point of the rapid growth of modern electronics. Vacuum tubes assisted in manipulation of signals. The development of a large variety of tubes designed for spe­cialized functions made possible the progress in radio commu­nication technology before the World Vfar II and in the creation of early computers during and shortly after the war.

The transistor invented by American scientists WShockly, J.Bardeen and WBrattain in 1948 completely replaced the vacuum tube. The transistor, a small piece of a semiconductor with three electrodes, had great advantages over the best vacuum tubes. It provided the same functions as the vacuum tube but at reduced weight, cost, power consumption, and with high reli­ability. With the invention of the transistor all essential circuit functions could be carried out inside solid bodies. The aim of creating electronic circuits with entirely solid-state components had finally been realized. Early transistors could respond at a rate of a few million times a second. This was fast enough to serve in radio circuits, but far below the speed needed for high­speed computers or for microwave communication systems.

The progress in semiconductor technology led to the devel­opment of the integrated circuit (1С), which was discovered due to the efforts of John Kilby in 1958. There appeared a new field of science — integrated electronics. The essence of it is batch processing. Instead of making, testing and assembling descrete components on a chip one at a time, large groupings of these components together with their interconnections were made all at a time. 1С greatly reduced the size of devices, lowered man­ufacturing costs and at the same time they provided high speed and increased reliability.

 

3. Проглянете текст 1 ще раз. Дайте відповіді на питання, використовуючи інформацію тексту

 

1. What is electronics? 2, Can you imagine modern life with­out electronics? 3. Where are electronic devices used? 4. What was the beginning of electronics development? 5. What made the progress in radio communication technology possible? 6. What is the transistor? 7. When w?s the transistor invented? What aim was realized with the invention of the transistor?

8. When were integrated circuits discovered? 10. What advan­tages did the transistors have over the vacuum tubes?

 

4. Здогадайтесь про значении наступних інтернаціональних слів та словосполучсень:

 

Electronics; electrons; physics; information; microelectron­ics; industrial design; to calculate trajectories; phenomena of nature; automatization of production processes; organisms; vac­uum tubes; specialized functions; progress in radio communi­cation technology; transistor; electrode; components; to realize; communication system; technology; descrete components; chip.

 

5. Знайдіть в тексті англійські еквіваленти наступних словосполучень:

 

Прикладна фізика; передача і прийом інформації; потік електронів; наукові дослідження; промислове проектування; обчислювати траєкторію космічних кораблів; виявляти явища природи; завдяки електроніці; відправна крапка; сприяти управлінню сигналами; швидке зростання; різноманітність ламп; створення перших комп'ютерів; повністю замінив; напівпровідниковий кристал; зменшити вагу; скоротити вартість; споживання електроенергії; висока надійність; твердотільні компоненти; досить швидко... але набагато нижче; високошвидкісний комп'ютер; мікрохвильові системи зв'язку; напівпровідникова технологія; галузь науки; інтегральна схема; пакетна обробка; збірка дискретних компонентів на кристалі; понизити виробничі витрати; забезпечити високу швидкість.

 

6. Перекладіть наступні «ланцюги іменнмків». Запам”ятайте, що перекладати іменники, які не зв”язані прийменниками, слід, як правило, с кінця.

 

Power consumption; power consumption change; signals manipulation; transistor invention; circuit functions; commu­nication systems, data processing system; integrated circuits development; science field; process control; automatization pro­cesses control; circuit components; size reduction; electronics development; communication means; problem solution; space exploration; pattern recognition; customers accounts; air traf­fic control.