D Write: Put in reflexive pronouns (ourselves, etc.) or object pronouns (us, etc.). KEEP SMILING!

Psychiatrists have proved that happiness is the secret of good health. Mood really can affect the body1 …This means we all have to look after2... We have to enjoy3... and take pride in4... and we'll rarely have to visit the doctor. Praise helps 5... to learn and is good for us, too. We all know how pleased young children feel when they learn to dress6... and do things by7... We should praise8... for their achievements. Bosses rarely have a good word for9... Yet if we want to be happy and healthy, we need people around10... who keep telling 11... how marvellous we are. Then we12... will believe that we are marvellous, too!

4.6 Demonstrative adjectives/pronouns ('this', etc.) 'Some/any/no’ compounds ('someone’, none, nobody...)

4.6A Different uses of 'this' and 'that' [> LEG 4.32-36, App 7]

1 The basic uses of this - these and that - those are: - this and these may refer to something that is close to you: this one/girl here. - that and those may refer to something that is not close to you: that one/boy there.

2 You can use this and that in many different contexts and situations. For example: when you are showing someone round the house: This is my room, when you recognize someone you are looking for: There he is - that's him!

Write: Say when you would use these sentences.

1This is Mr Cooke. - How do you do. Introducing someone 2 Hullo. Is that George? This is Tom here. 3 We lost the match and that set us back… 4 I was robbed. - When did this happen?...5 You can't be too careful these days... 6 Quick! Run! It's that man again!... 7 £50? It costs more than that... 8 There was this missionary... 9 I don't mean that Mrs Smith... 10 The fish I caught was that big...

4.6B Uses of 'some/any/no' compounds [> LEG 4.37-39]

1 We use some-compounds in [compare > 5.3B-C, 13.2A]:

- the affirmative: I met someone you know last night.

- questions expecting 'yes': Was there something you wanted?

- offers and requests: Would you like something to drink?

2 We use any-compounds in:

- negative statements: There isn't anyone here who can help you.

- questions when we're doubtful about the answer: Is there anyone here who's a doctor?

3 We use no compounds when the verb is affirmative: There's no one here. (= not anyone)

Write: Supply anybody/anyone, nothing, anything, nobody/no one, somebody/someone or something in these sentences.

1 There's... in the clothes basket. It's empty. 2 Is there... in the clothes basket? - No, it's empty. 3 I've tried phoning, but every time I phone there's... in. 4 I've prepared... for dinner which you'll like very much. 5 I've never met... who is as obstinate as you are. 6 Would you like... to start with before you order the main course. 7 I know... who can help you. 8 He sat at the table, but he didn't have... to eat. 9 Is there... here who can speak Japanese? 10 Does... want a second helping?

4.6C 'Everyone', 'anyone’, etc. with singular or plural pronouns [> LEG 4.40]

1 We often use anyone to mean 'it doesn't matter who', especially after it. The traditional rule is to use masculine pronouns with anyone, everyone, no one, etc., unless the context is definitely female (e.g. a girls' school). According to this rule, you would address an audience of both sexes like this: If anyone wants to leave early, he can ask for permission. But you would address an audience of females like this: 'If anyone wants to leave early,' the headmistress said, 'she can ask for permission.'

2 In practice, we use they, them, etc. without a plural meaning to refer to both sexes, though some native speakers think this is wrong: Instead of: Everyone knows what he has to do, doesn't he? We say: Everyone knows what they have to do, don't they?

Write: Change the words in italics into plural references.

1 Anyone planning to travel abroad should take his driving licence with him. > their... them 2 I suppose everyone believes he could be Prime Minister... 3 We knew that no one had done his homework... 4 If anybody wants to know the answer, he can ask me.... 5 Everybody knows what the answer is, doesn't he?... 6 If anyone wants help in an emergency, he can dial 999... 7 Everyone wants to have his cake and eat it... 8 Nobody wants to be told that he is going to be sacked... 9 Ask anyone you know what he thinks of war and he'll say it's evil... 10 Everyone gets what he deserves, even if he doesn't like what he gets.

4.6D. Write: Put in they, this, that, nothing, something, anyone or no one. MY BEST PERFORMANCE.

Everyone has studied subjects at school which 1 they weren't very good at.2... can claim that some subjects aren't harder for them than others, however clever3... are. I've never met 4... who's5... clever. My weakest subject at school was certainly chemistry. I learnt formulas and experiments by heart, but there was6... I could do to improve my performance. 'Is7... the best you can do?' my chemistry teacher would say after every test he set us. 'It's time you did8... about9... subject!' 'I really do try, sir,' I would answer. Before my last chemistry exam, I made a big effort. 'I can't do better than 10...' I said to my teacher as I handed in my paper. 'It was my best performance.' Two weeks later I got my report and eagerly looked up my chemistry marks. I had got 8%! I couldn't believe it! 'Is it... all I got, sir?' I asked. 'I'm afraid so,' my teacher said. 'Of course, 4% was for neatness!'

5 Quantity 5.1 Quantifiers + countable and uncountable nouns

5.1 A Quantifiers + countable and uncountable nouns [> LEG 512]

Quantifiers are words like few, little, plenty of. They show how many things or how much of something we are talking about. Some quantifiers combine with countable nouns; some with uncountable and some with both kinds:

1 Q + plural countable: both books Both, (a) few, fewer, the fewest, a/ the majority of, (not) many, a minority of, a number of/several.

2 Q + uncountable: a bit of bread a (small) amount of, a bit of, a great deal of, a good deal of, (a) little, less [but see 5.4D]. the least, (not) much

3 Q + plural countable; + uncountable: some books, some ink, some (of the), any (of the), enough, a lot of/lots of, hardly any, more/most (of the), plenty of, no, none of the

4 Q + singular countable: each book, all (of) the, any/some (of the), each, either, every, most of the, neither, no, none of the.

Write: Choose the right word in brackets. b Mark the quantifier 1, 2, 3 or 4.

1 We have imported fewer videos this year than last year, (fewer/less) 1 2 There has been... demand for videos this year than last year, (fewer/less) _ 3... vehicles have just been recalled because of a design fault, (a lot of/much) _ 4... effort has been put into this project, (a lot of/many) _ 5 There isn't... hope of finding the wreck, (much/many) _ 6 There aren't... dictionaries that can compare with this one. (much/many) _ 7... book was written by someone else, (most/most of the) _ 8... magazines carry advertisements, (most/ most of) _ 9... metal is liable to rust, (most/most of) _ 10 I'd like... milk in this coffee, please, (a few/a little) _ 11 This room needs... pictures to brighten it up. (a few/a little) _ 12... businesses have gone bankrupt this year, (a good deal of/several) _ 13 There aren't... chocolates left! (any/some) _ 14 There isn't... time to waste, (any/some) _ 15 We've had... trouble with this machine already,(enough/hardly any) _ 16 There have been... accidents on this corner this year, (a good deal of/hardly any) 17 We can't accept the estimates... estimate is low enough, (either/neither) _ 18... examples prove that I am right, (both/neither) _19 There have been... changes in the new edition, (no/any) _ 20 There has been... change in the new edition, (no/any) _

5.1 B Quantifiers that tell us roughly how much and how many [> LEG 5.3]

1 If we say ‘I bought five magazines to read on the train’, we are saying exactly how many.

2 If we say ‘I bought some/a few magazines to read on the train’, we aren't saying how many.

3 If we say ‘I bought a few magazines to read on the train’, we are giving 'a rough idea'. Some quantity words like a few, a little give us 'a rough idea'. If we arrange these on a scale, too much and too many are at the top of the scale and no is at the bottom.

Write: Arrange the quantifiers to show most at the top and least at the bottom. More than one answer is possible.

There are: enough eggs, no eggs, too many eggs, a few eggs, hardly any eggs, plenty of eggs, very few eggs., a lot of eggs, not many eggs.

1a too many eggs 2a… 3a… 4a… 5a... 6a…7a…8a…9a…

There is: nardly any milk, too much milk, a little milk, no milk, no/much milk, enough milk, a lot of milk, plenty of milk, very little milk

1b too much milk 2b… 3b… 4b… 5b... 6b…7b…8b…9b…

Now write sentences of your own using any six of the above quantifiers. 1 There are many apples in the bowl. 2... 3... 4... 5... 6... ALLA