E Write: Put in us, them, both, both the, all or all the. ALL ON BOARD?

1 All of … who travel by plane probably find reasons to complain about airlines, but it is less common for airlines to complain about3...! At 2.35 p.m. Flight 767 was ready to leave for Ibiza and nearly4... passengers were on board. At 6.10 p.m. the plane was still on the runway. Two passengers hadn't boarded. If people check in but don't board5... the luggage must be unloaded.6... passengers had to get off the plane and 7... of 8... identified their luggage. At the end there were two pieces of luggage left. Just then, 9... missing passengers appeared. 'We 10... went to the bar and we had something to drink and a sandwich,' they explained.11... of12... had been sitting in the bar for hours! The captain scolded 13...14... severely and the other passengers were very angry with15…

5.6 'All (the)', '(a/the) whole', 'each’ and 'every'

5.6A 'All (the)' compared with '(a/the) whole' [> LEG 5.22]

1 We use the whole and a whole with singular countable nouns: He ate the whole loaf. He swallowed a whole banana. The whole film was boring. We do not use the whole with plurals or uncountables. (Not *the whole books/bread*)

2 Some nouns combine only with all: He spent all the money. She's 90 and she's still got all her teeth. Some nouns combine only with the whole: You must tell me the whole truth. I'd like to know the whole history of the world. Some nouns combine with all or whole: I've waited all my life/my whole life for such a moment as this.

3 We also use all and a/the whole with time references: all day, a/the whole night. Whole is stronger than all and also combines with words like hour and century, a/the whole hour, a/the whole century. (Not "all the hour' 'all the century’)

Write: Rewrite these sentences using either all or whole.

1 I'm losing my hair... 2 He explained the… situation to me. 3 The money was spent... 4 You didn't tell me the truth.... 5 I heard the story...6 It will take a century to clean up the atmosphere...

5.6B 'All compared with 'everyone/everybody' and 'everything' [> LEG 5.24-25]

1 We rarely use all on its own to mean 'everyone/everybody’: Everyone/Everybody wanted Marilyn's autograph. (Not *All wanted').

2 All means 'everyone/everybody' when we use other words with it: All of us/We all agreed to sign the contract. All those who were present were in favour. (= Everyone/Everybody agreed to sign. Everyone/Everybody present was in favour.)

3 We often use all and everything with other words to refer to things: All/Everything I have belongs to you. He taught me all/everything I know. But note: He gave me everything. (Not 'He gave me all.")

Write: Use all, everyone or everything in these sentences.

1 When the famous actress appeared,... wanted to speak to her. 2... I invited came to my party. 3 I'm not buying anything.... is too expensive. 4... those who know me can be sure I'm telling the truth. 5... of us felt that it had been a wonderful experience. 6... stood up when the President came into the room. 7... talked about the elections, but I'm not sure they... voted. 8... in the building was destroyed in the fire. Some of the objects were priceless. 9 I wouldn't help you for... the tea in China! 10 How much do you want for... in the shop?

5.6C 'Each' and 'every' [> LEG 5.25]

1 We often use each, like both, to refer to two people or things: My wife and I each ordered avocado to start with. We cannot use every here.

2 We can use each and every to refer to more than two. Each suggests 'one by one', 'separately'; every suggests 'all together'; Each child at the party had a piece of cake. (Every is also possible.) Every child in the world loves the story of Cinderella. (Each is unlikely.)

3 We must use every (Not "each") after nearly andafter not: Nearly every shop is shut today. Not every train driver is on strike today.

4 We cannot use of after every and we cannot use every at the end of a sentence: Each of the children received a present. They received a present each.

5 We can use every with a few uncountable nouns: My mother gave me every encouragement when I was a child.

Write each or every in the following sentences. Sometimes both are possible.

1 Nearly... home in the country has television. 2 Here is something for... of you. 3 Not... student is capable of learning English. 4 Our motoring organization will give you... assistance if you break down. 5 The admission ticket cost us £5... 6 They seem to be repairing... road in the country. 7... road is clearly signposted. 8 There's a fire extinguisher on... floor in the building. 9... floor in the building has its own fire extinguisher. 10 They are... fortunate to have such a good start in life. 11 They both did well and they will... receive prizes. 12 You've been given... opportunity to do well in this company. 13 I've phoned him twice, but he's been out on... occasion.14 I've been phoning him all week, but he's been out on... occasion.

 

5.6D Write: Put in each, every, everyone, everything, all or whole. JIM MEETS JAMES.

I've just heard the 1whole story of the Lewis twins from Ohio, who were adopted by different families at birth and who met each other for the first time at the age of 39.2... wanted to know if they had anything in common. They had! They had3... married a woman called Linda.4... of them had been divorced and married another woman called Betty. The couples who adopted them had5... called them 'Jim'. Many similar things happened to them 6... their lives. The7... list is endless. Almost8... experience they had had was the same: there were exact parallels for9... they had ever done. As Jim said when he first met James, 'It wasn't like meeting a stranger! Ref.at the end of the Grammar

5.7 'Another', '(the) other(s)', 'either', 'neither',' each (one of)'

5.7A 'Another', 'other', 'others', 'the other', 'the others' [> LEG 5.27]

1 Another doesn't refer to anything in particular. It can mean: - 'different': Come another day. (= any other day, no particular day) - 'additional': We need another day to finish this. (= one more day, no particular day)

2 We can contrast some and other (s) when we talk about things in general: Some holidays are cheap and other holidays are expensive. Some holidays are cheap and others are expensive. (= holidays in general)

3 We can contrast one with the other or the others when referring to particular things: This one is mine and the other one is yours. (Or:... the other is yours) This one is mine and the other ones are yours. (Or:... the others are yours)

4 We can use the other(s) to refer to people as well: John went cycling and the other boy/ the other boys went with him. John went cycling and the others went with him.

5 The other day can mean 'a few days ago'; the next day refers to the following day: I met your father in the street the other day. (= a few days ago) We spent our first night in Cairo and the next day we went to Alexandria, Egipt.

Write: Supply another, other, the next, the other, the others and others.

1 John came to see me the other day. It was last Friday, I think. 2 I met two strangers on the way to work. One of them greeted me and... didn't. 3 Some people like to have the windows open all the time;... don't. 4 I can't see him today. I'll have to see him... day. 5 We spent the night in a small village and continued our journey... day. 6 Bill and... boy are playing in the yard. Jane and... girls are in the front room

7 There must be... road that leads to the city centre. 8 There must be... roads that lead to the city centre. 9 I can't let you have any of these plants, but you can have all...

5.7B 'Either' and 'neither' + singular nouns [> LEG 5.29]

Either and neither refer to two people, things, etc. only, [compare > 1.4] Either means 'one or the other': Which pot will I use? - Either (of them). It doesn't matter which. Neither means 'not one and not the other': Which pot will I use? - Neither (of them). Use this frying pan.

Write: Supply either or neither.

1 When shall we meet: at 7 or at 7.30? - I don't mind... time is convenient for me 2 You can't use those screwdrivers... of them is suitable for the job. 3 I don't know who's on the phone. It's... your mother or your aunt. 4 I met John a year ago, but I've... seen him nor heard from him since. 5 Say what you like about those two applicants. I didn't like... of them! [> 13.2A] 6 I know you sent us two letters, but we have received... of them.

5.7C 'Each of, etc. [> LEG 5.5.2,5.30-31]

1 We can use of the/my, etc. after any, some, another, each, either, neither, none [> 5.2A]: Instead of: Neither lift is working. We can say: Neither of the lifts is working.

2 After either, neither and none, when the reference is plural, we can use a plural verb in everyday speech or a singular verb when we wish to sound 'correct' or formal: Neither of us is/are happy about this. None of my friends has/have been invited.

Write: rewrite these sentences using of the.

1 Another teaspoon is missing Another of the teaspoons 2 Neither roadmap is much use.... 3 Any roadmap you have will be OK.... 4 Either road leads to the same place.... 5 Each painting is perfect.... 6 Neither boy is guilty.... 7 I can't ask either secretary to do the job. 8 Give a tip to each porter.

 

5.7D 'One of [> LEG 5.30] We can say: Each of these answers is right. Or: Each one of these answers is right. We can use of or one of after any, another, each, either,and neither. We must use a noun after every (every room) or we must use one of (every one of): Every room is booked. Every (single) one of the rooms is booked. (Not ''Every of)

Write: Delete one where possible in these sentences. 1 Every one of these answers is wrong. 2 Each one of these pilots has been highly trained. 3 She came in here and criticized every single one of our products. 4 I'm not prepared to listen to another one of your complaints. 5 Any one of us might be asked to help in an emergency.

5.7E Write: Put in one, either, others, other, the other or some. HALT!

The 1 other day the Prime Minister appointed a new Minister of Transport. 2... ministers like to travel everywhere by car;3... prefer to use public transport.4... of these means of transport is fine, but the new minister is5... of those who goes everywhere by bicycle. When he arrived at the House of Commons yesterday, he was stopped by two security guards. 6... of them was sure he had seen him before. 'I know you, don't I?' asked one of the guards. 'You're 7... of these messengers, aren't you?' 'Well, no, actually,' the minister replied. 'I'm 8... of the ministers.' 'I knew you were9... or10...!' the guard replied.