PEACE SUPPORT OPERATIONSI A successful Peace Support Operation (PCO) depends on close co-ordination between the military component and the (1) civilian component. The military component will generally be tasked to separate the (2) ________, which could be individual (3) ________ or groups of (4) ________ forces. They will also have the task of establishing (5) ________ and areas of separation, supervision of the (6) ________ agreement, the prevention of armed conflict within the nation by carrying out (7) ________ procedures, and they will also contribute to the maintenance of (8) ________ and order and a return to normal conditions. II Other components deployed on a PSO mission may be a civilian police force, who are tasked with supervising and controlling the local police in order to maintain law and order. The human rights component checks that human rights are observed and help start human rights education programmes. There may also be a repatriation component who takes care of refugees returning to their homes. When a country is run by its own civilian institutions and is protected by its own armed forces, the military peace mission leaves the country and the PSO is considered completed.
1. What is PSO? 2. Who has the mission of supervising the local police in a country where a PSO is in operation? 3. What are the two main tasks of the human rights component? 4. Which component of the PSO looks after refugees? 5. When does the military peace mission leave a country?
1. ___________________ In the five months my platoon have spent in the DRCA, we have learned many lessons. In this article I want to share some of the lessons learned on patrolling in an urban environment. Basically, we carry out three types of foot patrol: presence patrols, checkpoints and clearing main supply routes of improvised explosive devices (IED). 2. ____________________ Routine dismounted patrols, conducted at least two to three times a week, are essential. Although mounted patrols are less risky, they do not provide adequate presence and they do not build a relationship with the local population. You should take security precautions to protect your troops, but avoiding dismounted patrols in urban areas is a bad habit and is not force protection. The best way to reduce the risk of dismounted patrols is to have more boots on the ground. This means never patrol with less than a platoon. If you are attacked, you will need enough troops to secure any casualties, set up an overwatch position, and manoeuvre against the threat. 3. _____________________ In an urban area, hostile groups will choose the time, place, and type of attack. They will aim to strike quickly and then run. You must be prepared to react to contact from any direction. If attacked, you must immediately manoeuvre against the threat and at the same time, isolate the area and provide overwatch. 4. _____________________ This requires training at every level. If you take casualties, do not let the casualty take your focus away from a combat engagement. Let your senior NCO handle the CASEVAC and focus your attention on engaging the threat. In your training work-up before deployment, integrate casualties into your exercise scenarios and train every soldier in making casualty assessments, placing a tourniquet, and calling in CASEVAC.
1. ______ conduct regular dismounted patrol. 2. ______ avoid dismounted patrols in urban areas. 3. ______ build a relationship with the local population. 4. ______ move against the enemy if you are attacked. 5. ______ make casualties the focus of your attention if you are attacked.
1. Why are dismounted patrols important? 2. Why might some leaders avoid dismounted patrols? 3. What is the best way to protect troops on dismounted patrols? 4. What actions should the patrol take in case of attack? 5. What should the patrol leader do if patrol takes casualties?
GRAMMAR: MODALS WOULD NOTE: ü We use would(d)/ wouldn’t when we imagine a situation or action (we think of sth that is not real): E.g. It would be nice to buy a new car, but we can’t afford it. I’d love to live by the sea.
We use would have (done) when we imagine situations or actions in the past (= things that didn’t happen): E.g. They helped us a lot. I don’t know what we’ d have done (= we would have done) without their help. I didn’t tell Tom what happened. He whouldn’t have been pleased.
Compare would (do) and would have (done): E.g. I would phone Sue, but I haven’t got her number. (now) I would have phoned Sue, but I didn’t have her number. (past)
ü Compare will (‘ll) and would (‘d): E.g. I’ ll stay a bit longer. I’ve got plenty of time. I’ d stay a bit longer, but I really have to go now. (so I can’t stay longer)
Sometimes would / wouldn’t is the past of will / won’t. Compare:
ü Somebody wouldn’t do sth = he / she refused to do it: E.g. I tried to warn him, but he wouldn’t listen to me. (= he refused to listen)
You can also use would when you talk about things that happened regularly in the past: E.g. When we were children, we lived by the sea. In summer we would all get up early and go for a swim. (= we did this regularly)
With this meaning, would is similar to used to.
1. (a place you’dlove to live) I’d love to live by the sea. 2. (a job you wouldn’t like to do) _____________________ 3. (sth you would love to do) ________________________ 4. (sth that would be nice to have) ____________________ 5. (a place you’d like to go to) _______________________ 6. (a singer, whose concert you’d like to go to) __________
1. They helped us a lot. I don’t know what we would have done without their help. 2. You should go and see the film. You ________ it. 3. It’s a pity you couldn’t come to the concert yesterday. You ________ it. 4. Shall I apply for the job or not? What ______ you ______ in my position? 5. I was in a hurry when I saw you. Otherwise I ________ to talk. 6. We took a taxi home last night but got stuck in the traffic. It ________ quicker to walk. 7. Why don’t you go and see Clare? She ________ very pleased to see you. 8. Why didn’t you do the exam? I’m sure you ________ it. 9. In an ideal world, everybody ________ enough to eat.
1. I wonder why Helen is late. She promised she wouldn’t be late. 2. I wonder why Sam hasn’t phoned. He … 3. Why did you tell Jane what I said? You … 4. I’m surprised they didn’t wait for us. They …
1. I tried to warn him, but he wouldn’t listen to me. 2. I asked Amanda what had happened, but she ________ me. 3. Paul was very angry about what I’d said and ________ to me for two weeks. 4. Martina insisted on carrying all her luggage. She ________ me help her.
1. Whenever Richard was angry, he would walk out of the room. 2. We used to live next to a railway line. Every time a train went past, the house ________. 3. George was a very kind man. He ______ always _______ you if you had a problem. 4. Brenda was always very generous. She didn’t have much, but she ________ what she had with everyone else. 5. You could never relyon Joe. It didn’t matter how many times you reminded him to do something, he ______ always ______.
Afghanistan
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