Disturb disturbance disturbed1. Any change in the normal bedding of a seam (fault or fold) 2. Coal seams may be structurally... by faulting or folding. 3. Folds... coal seams without a break and sometimes faults... 33. Определите число выделенных существительных: these men; 25 feet, natural phenomenon; their analyses; higher educational establishments; coal stratum; new formula; these apparatuses; the data of investigations 34. Прочитайте предложения, найдите в них -ing-формы. Скажите, как 1. Coal beds may consist of different bands of varying thickness. 2. Laser is used in mining. This is a more recent development 3. Speaking about the future of coal, it is necessary to note the 35. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод -teg-форм. а)1. The highest output of coal excluding seams of 6° to 15° is got from thick seams. 2. The ventilation air flowing through the mine has been 3. It should be noticed that the theory of prospecting and ex 4. Folds, faults and fissures influencing the distribution and lo 6)1. Minerals and rocks are subjected to a process of constant development depending on geological conditions. 2. Studying and exploring deep deposits, it is important to es- 156_____________________________________________ Unit 6 tablish the relation between the structures of different sequences (последовательность) controlling their localization. 3. Geophysical methods sometimes make it possible to deter 4. Depending on the structural conditions, there are several в)1. Studies of intrusive dykes are most important when investigating the structure of ore field and establishing the genesis of the deposit. 2. While studying at the engineering institutes, every student is 3. When making the geological map, the geologists study all 36. Выразите несогласие и подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из to my mind; In my opinion; on the contrary; I'd like to say a few words about; it seems to be wrong; it is quite obvious that; as for; as I know 1. Lignite is a high-rank coal, containing about 90 per cent of 2. Bituminous coals cannot be stored in open piles. These coals 3. Anthracites are soft coals being used mainly for metallurgical 37. Суммируйте содержание текста Б, используя следующие слова и coal ranks; carbon and volatile matter content; moisture content; heat effect; liability to spontaneous combustion; coking quality; the use of different types of coal in industry 38. Подготовьте сообщение на тему: Different types of coals and their comparison with each other (for example, lignite and anthracite or anthracite and brown coal, etc.), their carbon content, heat value, liability to spontaneous combustion and the use of each grade of coal. Unlt6______________________________________________ 157 39. Расскажите, что вы знаете об угольных пластах (рис. 3 и 4). В своем рассказе дайте ответы на следующие вопросы: 1. What do Figures 3 and 4 show? 2. What figure shows the seam which consists only of coal 3. Is the coal seam (Fig. 3) horizontal or inclined? 4. Is the shape of the seam typical of igneous rocks or sedimen 5. Can you explain why the coal seam shown in Fig. 4 is called 6. What mineral substances may separate coal beds? What do we 7. What is thicker, coal bands or rock partings? Прочитайте текст В и кратко передайте его содержание по-русски. ТЕКСТ В l.For along time coal has been the principal fuel, the main source of thermal and electric energy. Now it continues to play an important part in the economy. 2. Coal is the product of vegetable matter that has been formed 3. Coal formation processes are similar to those of sedimentary 4. The physical characteristics of coal concern the structural 158_____________________________________________ Unit 6 strata or like other sedimentary deposits may be made up of bands or benches of varying thickness. The benches may be separated by thin layers of clay, shale, pyrite or other mineral matter, commonly called partings. Like other sedimentary rocks coal beds may be structurally disturbed by folding and faulting. 5. Many classifications of coal have been suggested: by geologic 6. There exist four main types of coal: anthracite, bituminous, 7. Although the utilization of coal varies widely with rank, three 41.») В каждом абзаце текста В найдите предложение, передающее его 6) Укажите, • каком абзаце текста В идет речь о структурной характеристике угла. 42. Расскажите содержание текста В, используя следующие вопросы: 1. What has coal been formed from? 2. What rocks can coal be related to? 3. What does coal contain? 4. What is the structural characteristic of coal? 5. What factors can the classification of coal be based on? 6. What is the role of coal in the national economy of Russia? 43. Определите, который из четырех заголовков наиболее соответствует 1. The Origin of Coal. 2. The Classification of Coal. 3. Coal as Fossil Fuel. 4. Coal and Its Industrial Application. 44. Расскажите, что нового вы узнали из текста В. Какие факты вам Unit 6______________________________________________ 159 ДИСКУССИЯ Энергия и жизнь Для успешного участии в дискуссии вам необходимо ознакомиться с содержанием статьи и использовать вашу эрудицию по обсуждаемой проблеме. Слова для понимания текста: hearth [ha: 6] — камин to cope with — справляться с... bunker — угольный ящик smoke — дым soot — сажа share — часть, доля revival — возрождение reinforce — усиливать, подкреплять exhaustion [ig'zaistfan] — истощение Energy in the UK: Changing Demands Coal was the dominant form of energy used in the UK for over a century. Coal was plentiful and cheap. It has a variety of uses: • fuel for steam engines, • fuel for homes, factories and offices, • the production of gas, • the production of chemicals. British homes were designed to cope with coal. Near the back door would be the coal bunker. There were open hearths on which coal and wood fires were burnt. Open coal fires look very attractive, but they have many problems. Coal is dirty, heavy and difficult to use. Rooms can fill with smoke when a door is opened. When the fire is finished, soot and ash are left. Alternative forms of energy have become widely available in the UK since the 1960s. Oil, gas and electricity provide most of the country's energy. It is not all bad news for coal, however, because it is still the most important fuel used to generate electricity. New cleaner methods of using coal to heat houses have been developed. Oil, gas and electricity are much cleaner and easier to use than coal. The price of the different forms of energy is also an important factor: • During the 1960s oil and gas became cheaper while the price • In 1973/74 the Oil Crisis made oil much more expensive. Gas Unit 6 ' In 1986 oil became much cheaper. Demand for coal fell • again. Price and ease of use have been the major factors affecting the changing energy demand in the UK in the last forty years. In the future the exhaustion of energy sources will become important. The world's oil supplies may not last more than another forty years. Much of the world's oil and gas is located in areas which have suffered conflict, such as the Middle East. Supplies may be cut off from the UK for political reasons, as they were, briefly, during 1956 and 1973. Home energy source, of which coal is the largest, will then become more important for the UK again. Past experience shows that there are no certainties in demand for energy within the UK. The future may hold many changes.
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