GRAMMAR. Match the two halves of the sentences so that they make sense. 1

Match the two halves of the sentences so that they make sense.

1. If I found a gun in the street,	a you will be fined
2. You wouldn’t have been punished	b he would be able to catch the thief
3. If you drive so fast,	c he wouldn’t have had a black eye
4. If you had taken my advice,	d it wouldn’t have been stolen
5. If he could run faster,	e this wouldn’t have happened
6. If he hadn’t been assaulted,	f I would take it to the police
7. If I had locked the car,	g you wouldn’t have been sent to prison
8. If I had been more careful,	h you’ll be fined
9. If you park here,	I he would be executed
10. If the capital punishment had not been abolished,	j if you hadn’t broken the law

2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Yesterday the famous bank robber, Michael Arch, robbed another bank in the centre of our city. As usual, he only stole 10 pounds. If he 1 (leave) any clues, he 2 (be) imprison now, but he is much too clever. He disconnected the security cameras; if he 3 (not/do) that, the police 4 (have) him on film now. The strange thing is, Arch doesn’t seem to be interested in the money; if he 5 (be), he 6 (can/steal) thousands of pounds by now. The police are determined to catch him, and the Chief is confident that they will. He says that if he 7 (think) they weren’t going to arrest Arch eventually, he 8 (leave) the police force long ago.

GLOSSARY:

UNIT 1

advising	to give someone official information about something
advocate	a lawyer who defends someone in a court of law
advocacy	public support for or recommendation of a particular cause or policy
apply to	to request something, usually officially, especially by writing or sending in a form
application	a formal request to an authority
barrister	a person called to the bar and entitled to practise as an advocate, particularly in the higher courts
Chambers	a judge's private office
civility	formal politeness and courtesy in behavior or speech
competence	the ability to do something successfully or efficiently
Conflict of Laws	a set of procedural rules which determine which legal system, and the law of which jurisdiction, applies to a given dispute
Constitutional Law	a body of law dealing with the distribution and exercise of government power
conveyancing	the process of moving the legal ownership of property or land from one person to another
county court	a local law court in England and in some parts of the US which deals with cases that do not involve serious crime
Crown Court	a law court in England or Wales where criminal cases are judged by a judge and jury
Curriculum Vitae (CV)	a brief account of a person's education, qualifications, and previous occupations, typically sent with a job application
database	a large amount of information stored in a computer system in such a way that it can be easily looked at or changed
defamation	the action of damaging the good reputation of someone
defence	a defending party or group in a court of law
degree	the qualification given to a student who has done this course
disclosure	the action of making new or secret information known
drafting	writing something such as a legal document, speech or letter that may have changes made to it before it is finished
drafting of pleadings	prepare a project of the document for the preliminary judicial proceeding
ensure	make certain of obtaining or providing something
insurance	an agreement in which you pay a company money and they pay your costs if you have an accident, injury, etc
European Economic Community Law	a body of treaties, law and court judgements which operates alongside the legal systems of the European Union's member states
ethics	a system of accepted beliefs which control behaviour, especially such a system based on morals
evidence	Law information drawn from personal testimony, a document, or a material object, used to establish facts in a legal investigation or admissible as testimony in a law court
experience	the knowledge or skill acquired by a period of practical experience of something, especially that gained in a particular profession
expertise	expert skill or knowledge in a particular field
fall behind	to fail to do something fast enough or on time
Family Law	an area of the law that deals with family-related issues and domestic relations
fringe benefits	an extra benefit supplementing an employee's money wage or salary, for example a company car, private health care
full-time job	work done for the whole of a working week
get on with	to be on good terms with smb
graduate	a person who has successfully completed a course of study or training
have full rights of audience	the right to process the case in court
High Court	law court in England and Wales for trials of civil rather than criminal cases and where decisions made in regional courts can be considered again
Inn of Court	each of the four legal societies having the exclusive right of admitting people to the English bar
integrity	the state of being whole and undivided
International Law	the term commonly used for referring to laws that govern the conduct of independent nations in their relationships with one another
interviewing	a conversation between the lawyer and the client especially for consultation
Jurisprudence	the theory or philosophy of law
Law of Contract	the body of legal rules governing the conclusion and consequences of contracts
Law of Tort	a branch of the law which covers civil wrongs, such as defamation and trespassing, among many other transgressions
lawyer	a person who practises or studies law, especially (in the UK) a solicitor or a barrister or (in the US) an attorney
lay	dilettante
lease	to make a legal agreement by which money is paid in order to use land, a building, a vehicle or a piece of equipment for an agreed period of time
liable	having (legal) responsibility for something or someone
look up the law	examine the law questions
Magistrates’ court	court of petty sessions, formerly known as a police court, is the lowest level of court in England and Wales and many other common law jurisdictions
magistrate	a judge in a court for minor crimes
Master’ s degree	an advanced college or university degree
Mock Trial	an act or imitation trial
mortgage	an agreement which allows you to borrow money from a bank or similar organization, especially in order to buy a house or apartment, or the amount of money itself
negotiating	to try to reach an agreement by discussing something in a formal way, especially in a business or political situation
notary	a person authorized to perform certain legal formalities, especially to draw up or certify contracts, deeds, and other documents for use in other jurisdictions
optional subjects	additional, extra subjects
part-time job	a job for only part of the usual working day or week
personnel	people employed in an organization or engaged in an organized undertaking such as military service
postgraduate	relating to or denoting a course of study undertaken after completing a first degree
pro bono	the term, that is generally used to describe professional work undertaken voluntarily and without payment as a public service
promotion	activity that supports or encourages a cause, venture, or aim
prosecution	the institution and conducting of legal proceedings against someone in respect of a criminal charge
Queen’s Counsel	a senior barrister appointed on the recommendation of the Lord Chancellor
recruitment agencies	an organization which matches employers to employees
Roman Law	the legal system of ancient Rome, and the legal developments which occurred before the seventh century AD — when the Roman –Byzantine state adopted Greek as the language of government
run an office	to have one’s own office
solicitor	in the UK, a lawyer, who gives legal advice, writes legal contracts and represents people in the lower courts of law
Supreme Court	the highest judicial court in a country or state
talk someone into	induce (someone) to do something through reasoning or argument
tenancy	possession of land or property, rented from a landlord
The Executive	the branch of a government responsible for putting decisions or laws into effect
The State Law	a body of law dealing with the distribution and exercise of government power
time-consuming work	a work taking a long time to do
sue	to institute legal proceedings against (a person or institution), typically for redress
trial	a formal examination of evidence by a judge, typically before a jury, in order to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings
turn down	to reject
unbiased	showing no prejudice for or against something; impartial
will	an official statement of what a person has decided should be done with their money and property after their death

UNIT 2

abuse	to use or treat someone or something wrongly or badly, especially in a way that is to your own advantage
acquit	to decide officially in a court of law that someone is not guilty of a particular crime
adjudicate	to act as judge in a competition or argument, or to make a formal decision about something
adjudication	to act as judge in a competition or argument, or to make a formal decision about something
administration	the arrangements and tasks needed to control the operation of a plan or organization
admit	to agree that something is true, especially unwillingly
adoption	the act of legally taking a child to be looked after as your own
clarification	an explanation or more details which makes something clear or easier to understand
clerk of the court	a person who works in an court, dealing with records or performing general office duties
coroner	an official who examines the reasons for a person's death, especially if it was violent or unexpected
custody	the legal right or duty to care for someone or something, especially a child after its parents have separated or died
defendant	a person in a law case who is accused of having done something illegal
dispute	an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border
divorce	when a marriage is ended by an official or legal process
inquiry	the process of asking or questioning
guardianship	the state or duty of being a guardian
indict	if a law court or a grand jury indicts someone, it accuses them officially of a crime
indictment	a reason for giving blame
jurisdiction	the authority of an official organization to make and deal with especially legal decisions
juror	a member of a jury
jury	a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to decide whether a person is guilty or not guilty, or whether a claim has been proved
litigation	the process of taking a case to a law court so that an official decision can be made
maintenance	financial support or supply of necessities given by one party to another such as upon a divorce of legal separation
manslaughter	the crime of killing a person by someone who did not intend to do it or who cannot be responsible for their actions
matrimonial	related to marriage or people who are married
negligence	when you do not give enough care or attention to someone or something
offence	an illegal act; a crime
outline	the main shape or edge of something, without any details
penalty	a punishment, or the usual punishment, for doing something that is against a law
plaintiff	someone who makes a legal complaint against someone else in court
prosecute	to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a court of law, or (of a lawyer) to try to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime
reassessment	when you judge or decide the amount, value, quality or importance of something, or the judgment or decision that is made another way
Recorder	a municipal judge with criminal jurisdiction of first instance and sometimes limited civil jurisdiction
trial	the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a court of law to judge whether a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter
verdict	an opinion or decision made after judging the facts that are given, especially one made at the end of a trial
summary offence	also known as a petty crime, is a criminal act in some common law jurisdictions that can be proceeded with, summarily: without the right to a jury trial and/or indictment (required for an indictable offence)
Queen's Bench Division	the largest of the three divisions and primarily deals with civil matters arising out of contract law and the law of tort
Lord of Appeal in Ordinary (Law Lords)	one of eleven lords who are paid to sit as members of the House of Lords when it acts as a Court of Appeal
Lord Chancellor	the second highest ranking of the Great Officers of State, ranking only after the Lord High Steward. He is appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister
Lord Justice of Appeal	an ordinary judge of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, the court that hears appeals from the High Court of Justice, and represents the second highest level of judge in the courts of England and Wales
JP (Justice of Peace)	lay judicial officer who is appointed to conserve peace, hear and determine charges relating to minor offenses (summary offenses), sign arrest warrants and search warrants, administer oaths, take statutory declarations, and carry out civil functions such as performing marriage ceremonies. He or she may also serve as a magistrate
interlocutory proceeding	made during the course of a proceeding
House of Lords	the upper house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom
Highest Court of Appeal	the highest court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal
domestic case	the case which is connected with pattern of abusive behaviors by one or both partners in an intimate relationship such as marriage, dating, family, friends or cohabitation
discharge a case	a sentence of a person found guilty of a crime in which that person does not receive a criminal record of conviction, either absolutely or conditionally
Crown Court juror	ordinary members of the public between the ages of 18 and 70 who are selected at random from electoral register
Chancery Division	deals with business law, trusts law, probate law, and land law in relation to issues of equity. It has specialist courts (the Patents Court and the Companies Court) which deal with intellectual property and company law matters respectively

UNIT 3

accomplice	a partner in a crime or wrongdoing
accused	the person or group of people who have been officially accused of a crime or offence in a court of law
actus reus	an offense
alarm	warning, alert, danger- or distress-signal; tocsin, bell, gong, siren, whistle, horn
arson	the act of maliciously setting fire to property
arsonist	someone who commits the crime of arson
assault	attack, onslaught, onset, charge, offensive, blitzkrieg, blitz, strike, raid, incursion, sortie; aggression
balaclava	(in full Balaclava helmet) a tight woolen garment covering the whole head and neck except for parts of the face
battery	law the crime of hitting someone
burglary	breaking and entering the dwelling house of another, in the nighttime, with intent to commit a felony therein, whether the felonious purpose be accomplished or not
carjacking	the crime of using a weapon to force the driver of a car to drive you somewhere or give you their car
charge with	finding of guilt, attributing blame, imputation
charge	an official statement made by the police saying that they believe someone may be guilty of a crime charge against He was found guilty of all six charges against him.
commission	the act of committing a crime
commit suicide	if a person commits suicide, they kill themselves.
common-law marriage	a relationship that is considered to be a marriage because the man and woman have lived together for a long time
community service	work that people do to help other people without payment, and which young criminals whose crime was not serious enough for them to be put in prison are sometimes ordered to do
confidence trick	deceive anyone's expectation or confidence
culprit	someone who has done something wrong
dead	no longer living; deprived of life: dead people; dead flowers; dead animals
death	the end of life
deceit	(an act of) keeping the truth hidden, especially to get an advantage
deceitful	misleading; fraudulent: a deceitful action.
detention	maintenance of a person in custody or confinement, especially while awaiting a court decision
deter	to prevent; check; arrest
deference	formal polite behaviour that shows that you respect someone and are therefore willing to accept their opinions or judgment
distinguishing feature
escape	to get away from a place or dangerous situation
fine	to make someone pay money as a punishment
flee	to leave somewhere very quickly, in order to escape from danger
foil	rob the premises or a person
forgery	a mimic of a document or any other thing
gang	a group of criminals who work together
gangster	a member of a violent group of criminals
getaway car	car located in the search
grievous bodily harm	serious harm caused to human health, and which provides for criminal liability
guilt	responsibility and blame for something bad that has happened
guilty mind	intent motivating criminal act
strict liability offence	crime involves great responsibility
suspect	to think that something bad has happened or is happening
suspended sentence	conviction for which the offender serves his sentence outside the penitentiary
thief	someone who steals things from another person or place
threaten	to say that you will cause someone harm or trouble if they do not do what you want
haul	to pull something heavy with a continuous steady movement
homicide	the crime of killing smb deliberately
in cold blood	coldly, in cold blood (in a cold unemotional manner) " he killed her in cold blood"
injury	any physical damage to the body caused by violence or accident or fracture etc.
joyriding	the action or practice of driving fast and dangerously in a stolen car for enjoyment
justify	show or prove to be right or reasonable
kidnapping	take (someone) away illegally by force, typically to obtain a ransom
knowingly	in a way that suggests one has secret knowledge or awareness
liability	the state of being responsible for something, esp. by law
make off	run away; usually includes taking something or somebody along
malice	the intention or desire to do evil; ill will
malicious	characterized by malice; intending or intended to do harm
mens rea	the intention or knowledge of wrongdoing that constitutes part of a crime, as opposed to the action or conduct of the accused
mug	to attack smb violently in order to steal their money, especially in a public place
mugger	a person who attacks and robs another in a public place
omission of crime	in the criminal law, failure to act, will constitute an actus reus (Latin for " guilty act") and give rise to liability only when the law imposes a duty to act and the defendant is in breach of that duty
omission	the act of not including or doing something
onus	used to refer to something that is one's duty or responsibility
onus of burden of proof	the obligation to prove an assertion or allegation one makes
pickpocket	a person who steals money etc. from other people’s pockets, especially in crowded places
pickpocketing	stealing from other people's pockets
plot	secretly make plans to carry out (an illegal or harmful action)
pounce	spring forward suddenly so as to attack or seize someone or something
prearranged plan	a plan, arranged or agreed upon (something) in advance
probation	a way of dealing with offenders without imprisoning them; a defendant found guilty of a crime is released by the court without imprisonment subject to conditions imposed by the court; " probation is part of the sentencing process"
punch	strike with the fist
raider	a person who attacks an enemy in the enemy's territory; a marauder
ransom	a sum of money or other payment demanded or paid for the release of a prisoner
rape	the crime, committed by a man, of forcing another person to have sexual intercourse with him without their consent and against their will, esp. by the threat or use of violence against them
rapist	a man who commits rape
recklessness	the trait of giving little thought to danger
redress	remedy or compensation for a wrong or grievance
rob	take property unlawfully from (a person or place) by force or threat of force
robbery	the action of robbing a person or place
seek	attempt to find (something)
shoplifter	a thief who steals goods that are in a store
shoplifting	theft of goods from a retail establishment
sneak	move or go in a furtive or stealthy manner
vandal	a person who deliberately destroys or damages public or private property
vandalism	willful wanton and malicious destruction of the property of others
victim	a person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime, accident, or other event or action
wrongdoer	a person who behaves illegally or dishonestly; an offender
wrongdoing	illegal or dishonest behavior

UNIT 4

Home Secretary	the British cabinet minister who is head of the Home Office
hostile	showing strong dislike
hostility	a hostile (very unfriendly) disposition
ill-treat	mishandle
Inspector	a British police officer below a superintendent and above a sergeant in rank.
interrogation	a sentence of inquiry that asks for a reply; formal systematic questioning
intimidation	the act of making timid or fearful or of deterring by threats
law-abiding	adhering strictly to laws and rules and customs
moderation	quality of being moderate and avoiding extremes
patrol	maintain the security of by carrying out a control
personal search	to examine the person or personal effects of in order to find something lost or concealed
police power	the civil force of a State, responsible for maintaining public order
prejudice	a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation
riot	a public act of violence by an unruly mob
sample	a small part of something intended as representative of the whole
scare	cause fear
search	the activity of looking thoroughly in order to find something or someone
sergeant	a police officer ranking below inspector
Special Constabulary	is the part-time volunteer section of a statutory police force in the United Kingdom or some Crown dependencies
stern	severe and unremitting in making demands
superintendent	a British police officer above the rank of inspector.
suspect	a person or institution against whom an action is brought in a court of law
suspicion	doubt about someone's honesty
suspicious	openly distrustful and unwilling to confide
testify	give testimony in a court of law
traffic warden	a person whose job is to make certain that people do not leave their cars in places where they are not allowed to leave them, or for longer than they allowed to leave them

UNIT 5

to abolish	to do away with (laws, regulations, customs, etc); put an end to
aggravated kidnapping	carrying off and hold (a person), usually for ransom, which is made more serious by its circumstances
aircraft hijacking	seizing possession or control of an aircraft esp. by forcing the pilot to divert the aircraft to another destination
to apprehend	to arrest and escort into custody; seize
cell	a small simple room in a prison
confession	a formal, usually written, acknowledgment of guilt by a person accused of a crime.
criminal responsibility	legal accountability for committing a crime
decapitation	a mode of executing capital punishment by which the head is severed from the body.
delinquent	offending by neglect or violation of duty or law
to deny	to state that something declared or believed to be true is not true
to disown	to refuse to acknowledge as belonging or pertaining to oneself; deny the ownership of or responsibility for
electrocution	executing a convicted criminal by electricity
enquiry	an investigation, especially a formal one conducted into a matter of public concern by a body constituted for that purpose by a government, local authority, or other organization
execution	putting to death as fulfillment of a judicial death sentence
felony	a crime that has a greater punishment imposed by statute than that imposed on a misdemeanor; a federal crime for which the punishment may be death or imprisonment for more than a year
firing squad	a method of capital punishment, particularly common in the military and in times of war.
flaw	an imperfection, defect, or blemish
gas chamber	method of executing condemned prisoners by lethal gas
guillotine	a device for beheading persons, consisting of a weighted blade set between two upright posts
guilty	having committed an offence or adjudged to have done so
hanging	the form of capital punishment carried out by suspending one by the neck from a gallows, gibbet, or the like, until dead.
heavy sentence	severe sentence
inmate	a person confined in an institution (as a prison or hospital
innocent	not guilty
insanity	unsoundness of mind or lack of the ability to understand that prevents one from having the mental capacity required by law to enter into a particular relationship, status, or transaction or that releases one from criminal or civil responsibility
isolation	the act of isolating or the state of being isolated.
jail	a place of confinement for persons held in lawful custody
law-enforcement bodies	government agencies responsible for the enforcement of the laws.
lethal injection	the act or instance of injecting a drug for purposes of capital punishment or euthanasia
life imprisonment	a sentence of imprisonment until death
neglect	a disregard of duty resulting from carelessness, indifference, or willfulness
penal system	system relating to the punishments of criminals
plea	an allegation of fact in civil litigation made in response to a claim
to rehabilitate	to restore (as a convicted criminal defendant) to a useful and constructive place in society through therapy, job training, and other counseling
release	to relieve or free from obligation, liability, or responsibility released from all dischargeable debts
retribution	punishment imposed (as on a convicted criminal) for purposes of repayment or revenge for the wrong committed
to revenge	to take vengeance for; inflict punishment for
rough treatment	cruel (inhuman, outrageous) treatment
self-inflicted death	suicide
severe	harsh; unnecessarily extreme
smuggle	to import or export secretly and illegally esp. to avoid paying duties or to evade enforcement of laws
statement	an official or formal report or declaration
stoning	a form of capital punishment whereby a group throws stones at a person until the person dies.
strangle	to kill by compressing the windpipe; throttle
To strap	to tie or bind with a strap
sword	a weapon having various forms but consisting typically of a long, straight or slightly curved blade, sharp-edged on one or both sides, with one end pointed and the other fixed in a hilt or handle.
tarnish	to diminish or destroy the purity of; stain; sully
treason	the offense of attempting to overthrow the government of one's country or of assisting its enemies in war
warder	an official having charge of prisoners in a jail.
whipping	to beat with a strap, lash, rod, or the like, especially by way of punishment or chastisement
wound	a physical injury to the body consisting of a laceration or breaking of the skin or mucous membrane

KEYS:

UNIT 1

Lead-in: advising; Master’s degree; advocacy; barrister; conveyancing; defence; drafting of pleadings; articled clerk; full-time job; graduate; have full rights of audience; notary; Queen’s Counsel; solicitor; Law course; will; lawyer; Law Society examination; negotiating; interviewing

Task 1: 1. c; 2 h; 3a; 4 I; 5. f; 6.j 8b; 9d; 10. e

Task 2: 1 – a; 2. – a; 3. – b; 4. – a; 5. – b; 6. – b; 7. – a; 8. – b; 9. – a; 10. – a

Task3: 1 joined, advises, representing; 2 undertaking; 3 advise on, negotiate, draft, litigate; 4 drafting, advising on, resolving; 5 reviewing, drafting, meeting with, answering; 6 supervising; 7 reading and analyzing, determine; 8 drafted, submitted, secure; 9 write, form, granted; 10 defending, enforcing; 11 advising; 12 working with, doing; 13 litigation, bringing; 14 drafting; 15 require, meet; 16 had; 17 completed, specializes; 18 resolving, handling, concerning; 19 navigating, apply to.

Task 4: 1. a high level of trust; 2. are subject to standardized examination; 3. competence; 4. insufficient; 5. requirement; 6.Bar Final examination; 7. Law Society Final examination; 8. preparatory course; 9.covering a wide area of law; 10.articled clerk; 11.closely supervised by an experienced lawyer; 12. pupil

Task 5: 1. PROFESSIONAL; 2. ADMITTED; 3. DIVISION; 4. CHARACTERISTIC; 5. GOVERNING; 6. PRIMARILY; 7. EXCLUSIVE; 8. APPEAR; 9. SIGNIFICANT; 10. EXPERIENCED

Task 6: Solicitors: 5, 6, 3; Barristers: 7, 2, 4, 1

Task 7: Solicitors: Advocacy in the lower courts; advising clients on general legal issues; advising on tax matters; commercial work; conveyancing of houses; dealing with commercial transactions; making wills; preparing cases; share and other property dealings.

Barristers: advocacy in all courts; advising clients on specialist legal issues; advising on litigation; drafting of documents in connection with litigation

Task 8: 1.b; 2. a; 3. b; 4.c; 5. b