1.  JR Group isamain rail network of Japan.
| a) Its only purpose is to move the train along the tracks.
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| 2. In Japan, most commuter trains are very crowded during rush hours.
| b) It consists of 12 corporations created by the privatization of the government-owned Japanese National Railways in 1987.
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| 3. The project of the Moscow Metro was developed by the Russian engineers.
| c) This is because Japanese commuter trains can be much more crowded than Western counterparts (аналог).
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| 4. Although high-speed rail is usually designed for passenger travel, some high-speed systems also carry some kind of freight service.
| d) These trains carry passengers over the 32-km route between downtown and the airport in 8 minutes, compared with 30 minutes by automobile.
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| 5. A locomotive has no payload capacity of its own.
| e) Some trains carry many more than the number of passengers for which they were designed.
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| 6. Most railroads in Latin America were originally government-owned.
| f) This mechanism operates automatically if a coupling (сцепка) between cars breaks or if there is a leak in the compressed-air system.
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| 7. Maglev trains began service in January 2004 in Shanghai, China, connecting the city to the Pudong International Airport.
| g) Many of them were privatized in the 1990s, mainly in response to inadequate investment, excessive (чрезмерный) labor costs, poor service and maintenance during government operation.
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| 8. In Japan, double-deck commuter trains are relatively fewer than those used in Europe or North America.
| h) This operating company plans to increase freight car capacity by replacing 63-tonne wagons with 80-tonne ones.
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| 9. Today all rolling stock is equipped with air brakes.
| i) For example, the French mail service La Poste owns a few special TGV trains for carrying postal freight.
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| 10. The Queensland Railway is one of the largest freight operators in Australia.
| j) Before working out their own project, the engineers carefully studied the existing underground systems abroad.
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