SHAPING PUBLIC OPINION

In many areas of the world, governments determine which, opinions their citizens may or may not (express). People who (assert) views that their rulers do not approve of may (subject) to imprisonment - or worse. Citizens of western democracies (be) fortunate to live in nations where freedom of opinion and expression generally (take) for granted.

Freedom of opinion, however, does not mean that all ideas and opinions (flourish). Both private groups and the government itsel today attempt (influence) which opinions do (take) hold in the publi imagination. Few ideas (spread) spontaneously. Usually, whether they (be) matters of fashion, science, or politics, ideas must vigorousl (promote) to become widely (know) and (accept). For example, the clothing, sports and entertainment fads that occasionally seem (appear) from nowhere and sweep the country before (replace) bji some new trend are almost always the product of careful marketing campaigns by some commercial interests, rather than spontaneoui phenomenon. Even in the sciences, (consider) the bastions of objectivity, new theories not always (accept) simply on their own merit. Often, the proponents of a new practice must (campaign)

within the scientific community on behalf of their views. Like their counterparts in fashion and science, successful or at least widely (hold) political ideas (be) the products of carefully (orchestrate) campaigns by government or by (organize) groups and interests, Hither than the results of spontaneous popular enthusiasm.

Ex. 9. Explain different uses of 'should' and translate the sentences into Russian

1 The idea that political systems can and should be judged by

their material performance is a familiar one..'. Communitarian theorists argue that the 'politics of rights'

should be replaced by a 'politics of the common good'. <. Dominant party systems should not be confused with the one-party systems, although they may at times exhibit similar

characteristics. ■I. Intraparty democracy implies that there should, be broad

participation in the election of leaders and selection of

candidates, and in the policy formulation. i Once elected, representatives should think for themselves and

exercise independent judgement. (' That event wasn't mentioned in the TV coverage because

information about it should have been delivered well in advance.

The doctrine suggests that voters (should) select governments on

the ground of policies and issues. ⁴ Should they win the election in the first round the country

could/would have a one-party government, 'i The idea that representatives should resemble the represented

causes a number of problems. П) They suggest that 'strong' government should be understood in

terms of popular support and the willingness of citizens to obey

and respect the government.

Г\. 10. Translate into English, using 'fox' in its different meanings

I Нерегулируемая конкуренция осуждается не только за то. что она порождает жадность и конфликты, но и потому, что она неэффективна и непродуктивна. Чтобы политика была принята в обществе, должен сущест­вовать высокий уровень согласия в этом обществе (инф. комплекс).

Ч тобы процесс политики работал эффективно, переводя надежды в результаты, он должен быть открытым для кон­троля и критики (инф. комплекс).

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4. Этот подход имеет то преимущество (the merit), что позво­ляет (to allow for) существование гибкости подходов и вы­ражение различных точек зрения.

5. Чтобы это произошло, необходимо согласие подавляющего большинства членов Палаты представителей.

6. Было бы глупо предполагать, что все решения формируют­ся лишь под давлением чиновников и в свете их видения проблем, ибо/та к как это означало бы игнорирование роли лидеров в истории ('for' в начале предложения).

7. Было бы упрощением утверждать, что чиновники руко­водствуются только интересами своей карьеры и той орга­низации, в которой они работают, так ка к нельзя сбрасы­вать со счетов их личные симпатии и индивидуальные це­ли.

8. Очень трудно отнести Европейский Союз к той или иной политической категории, так как результатом историче­ского развития стала организация, имеющая черты и меж­государственной и надгосударственной структуры.