MEDICAL SPECIALTIES AND SPECIALISTS 21 страницаExercise 5. Fill in the blanks with the verbs in the active or passive form as in the model. Model: a) The cerebral cortex... all movements, (regulate) The cerebral cortex regulates all movements. b) The kidneys...a mass offat. (surround) The kidneys are surrounded by a mass of fat. 1. The lung... carbon dioxide and some water, (excrete) 2. A great number of chemical substances... during tissue activity, (produce) 3. The blood... oxygen around the body, (carry) 4. All proteins... into amino acids, (convert) 5. Immunoglobulin protein... in response to the flue virus, (make) 6. Vaccines... for the influenza virus, (prepare) 7. Infectious diseases... an important health problem, (be) Exercise 6. Translate into Ukrainian using participial constructions. 1. Оскільки всі пацієнти лягли спати, медсестра вимкнула світло. 2. Оскільки маленький хлопчик сильно застудився, мати поклала його в ліжко і викликала лікаря. 3. Випадок був терміновий, лікар негайно почав операцію. 4. Оскільки його мати була хвора, він вирішив викликати лікаря. 5. Якщо ці ліки приймати великими дозами, вони можуть викликати алергію.
III. Independent Work: Virus Exercise 1. Read the text, translate it. Virus Much progress has been made to eliminate or diminish the occurrence of many infectious diseases, such as malaria, poliomyelitis, tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis and tuberculosis. Much effort is devoted to infectious diseases of viral nature. Influenza, for example, is still considered an impotant health and economic problem. Despite the reported reduction in incidence by 2-3 times through the use of preventive vaccines and sera, effective preventive measures and therapeutic agents are still needed. An explosion of knowledge was recently noted in the molecular biology and mode of replication of the influenza virus. From 1934 when the influenza virus was first isolated, it is the object of intensive research. The treatment of the influenza virus diseases is followed by the constant development of new drugs. Detailed reviews and explanations of clinical techniques were provided by the authorities in the special field. How does the human body stop the viruses in their massive multiplication? Two ways are mentioned. An infected cell releases an unknown substance. It affects other cells. They produce a protein, interferon. Interferon is not specifically produced to fight flu. Any virus infection is influenced by it. The second way is through the body's immune defence system. Large quantities of vaccine are prepared to inoculate high risk groups in the population. New preventive methods and drugs are devised and improved. Exercise 2. Answer the following questions. 1. What do doctors do to diminish the occurrence of infectious diseases? 2. When was the influenza virus first isolated? 3. What methods do doctors use to treat virus diseases? 4. What are the ways to stop the multiplication of the influenza virus? 5. What is the role of the body's immune system? Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences. Note that in English scientific articles sentences begin with it + verb in passive voice and are translated: it is said - говорять, що; it is thought - думають, що; it is known - відомо, що. 1. It is observed that effective measures are needed by doctors to treat viral diseases. 2. It is seen that unknown substances are released by an infected cell. 3. It is stated that immunoglobulin proteins are produced by the body. 4. It is noted that the body produces special immunoglobulins. 5. It is established that the use of preventive vaccines reduced the incidence of infectious disease. 6. It is known that doctors need effective preventive measures to eliminate virus diseases. 7. It is reported that virologists study the mode of replication of the influenza virus. 8. It is believed that a review of the literature helped the author's analysis of the data.
UNIT SEVENTEEN
I. SPeaking: Digestive System After careful study of this unit, you should be able to: - name the two main functions of the digestive system; - name the organs of the alimentary tract; - name the accessory organs; - explain the role of enzymes in digestion; - name the digestion products of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates; - define absorption. Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words, pay attention to their Latin/Greek equivalents.
Exercise 2. Learn the following word combinations. taste receptors - рецептори смаку mucous membrane - слизова оболонка gastric juice - шлунковий сік papillae of the tongue - сосочки язика alimentary tract - травний канал
Exercise 3. Read and translate the following sentences. 1. The liver consists of small lobules connected together by the connective tissue, different vessels and nerves. 2.That portion of the alimentary tract which forms the large intestine consists of the cecum, colon and rectum. 3. The duodenum is called so because its length measures about the length of twelve fingers. 4. The liver consisting of lobes is covered with a fibrous coat.
Exercise 4. Match the adjectives with the nouns. Translate your word combinations. Inner, serous, salivary, hard, exact (точний), vital, face, connective, pale, length, palate, coat, capacity, gland, layer.
Exercise 5. Choose the correct answer to the question. What are the two main functions of the digestive system? a) The organs of the digestive system break the taken food into the smallest particles and supply body cells with nutrients to provide energy. b) They are inhalation and exhalation. c) They are digestion (the process of braking food into small particles to pass them through the walls of cells) and absorption (the transferring of food into the circulation).
Exercise 6. Read the texts, translate them.
Alimentary Tract The alimentary tract is a musculomembraneous canal about 8.5 m in length. It extends from the oral cavity to the anus. It consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. The liver with gall bladder and pancreas are the large glands of the alimentary tract. The first division of the alimentary tract is formed by the mouth. Important structures of the mouth are the teeth and the tongue, which is the organ of taste. The soft and hard palates and the salivary glands are also in the oral cavity. From the mouth food passes through the pharynx to the esophagus and then to the stomach. The stomach is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. It measures about 21-25 cm in length, 8-9 cm in its greatest diameter. It has a capacity from 2.14 to 4.28 1. The small intestine is a thin-walled muscular tube about 6.5 meters long. It is located in the lower and central portions of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The large intestine is about 1.5 m long. It is divided into cecum, colon and rectum.
Accessor}' Organs The liver is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the right upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm. So, the liver is on the right side of the abdomen. The weight of the liver is 1500 g. The gall bladder is a hollow sac lying on the lower surface of the liver. The pancreas is a long thin gland lying under and behind the stomach on the left side. Exercise 7. Look at Fig. 17-1. Name all the organs of the digestive system from the oral cavity to the anus. Exercise 8. Say what organ is spoken about. a) This organ is the largest gland in the human body. It is in the upper part of the abdominal cavity under the diaphragm in the right part of the abdomen. Its upper surface is convex. This organ consists of small lobules connected together by the connective tissue, different vessels and nerves. b) This organ is pyriform (грушовидний) in shape. It is a dilated portion of the alimentary canal. It is in the upper part of the abdomen under the diaphragm. The liver is above this organ, and the colon is below it. The pancreas is behind this organ.
liver- gall bladder spleen
common bile duct pancreas and ■ pancreatic duct ■ transverse colon
duodenum * -small intenstine
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon Fig. 17-1. The digestive system Exercise 9. Read the information about enzymes. Explain the role of enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that speed the rate of chemical reactions, but at the same time they are not themselves changed or used up in these reactions. An enzyme is a highly specific substance, it acts only in a certain type of reaction, involving a certain type of food molecule. For example, the carbohydrate-digesting enzyme amylase only splits starch into maltose. Another enzyme is required to split maltose inlo two molecules of glucose (monosaccharide). Other enzymes split fats into their building blocks, glycerol and fatty acids, and still others split proteins into amino acids. Exercise 10. Look at Table 17-1. Name all products secreted by the organs of the digestive tract and accessory organs. What are their actions? Table 17-1. Digestive Juices Produced by the Digestive and Accessory Organs
II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences, pay attention to the words one and that. 1. One of the lungs has three lobes, the other one only two. 2. The brain of man is heavier than that of any lower animal. 3. That portion of the alimentary tract which forms the large intenstine consists of the 4. The valve that divides the atrium and the ventricle of the right chamber is called the Exercise 2. Choose the correct participle, translate the sentences. 1. Drugs (contained, containing) impurities or some other ingredients are called 2. According to official data the first counterfeit prescription drug (detected, detecting) in 1950 was a hormone 60 % potent. 3. Narcotics were the first counterfeit synthetic painkillers (selling, sold) to hospitals by the New York Mafia. 4. Counterfeit drugs also include drugs (prescribing, prescribed) for the treatment of cancer, arthritis, hypertension and other conditions. 5. In developed countries there are many secret drug (produced, producing) plants. 6. Illicit plants manufacture out-dated and (contaminated, contaminating) medications. 7. At the chemists' all medicines are kept in drug cabinets, on shelves (protecting, protected) from light and in the refrigerator. 8. Some boxes have blue labels (indicated, indicating) drugs (used, using) for injections. 9. A pharmacist (taking, taken) prescriptions and (delivering, delivered) drugs is called a dispensing pharmacist. Exercise 3. Make gerunds from the following verbs, translate them. Model: to make — making. To perfonn, to read, to sit, to get, to enter, to study, to write, to consult, to prescribe. Exercise 4. Translate these sentences and define the part of speech of the words in bold type. 1. The left atrium and ventricle connected by the mitral valve form the left chamber of the 2. The operation made on the diseased joints restored the health of the patient. 3. The main inner organs included in the thoracic cavity are the heart and lungs. 4. The blood carried through the veins from the trunk, head and extremities to the right Exercise 5. Translate the sentences, name the forms of the gerund. 1. He mentioned having read it in the paper. 2. I remember having been asked about it. 3. Instead of being sent to the warehouse the goods were taken to the shop. 4. He has no objection to being sent to the hospital. 5. We were surprised at having been asked about it. Exercise 6. Translate into Ukrainian. 1. Куріння шкідливе для вашого здоров'я. 2. Читання ввечері шкідливе для очей. 3. Вживання гарячої їжі шкідливе для ваших органів травлення. 4. Виконання ранкових вправ корисне для вашого організму. 5. Дихання свіжим повітрям завжди корисне для здоров'я кожного пацієнта.
III. Independent Work: Liver Exercise 1. Read the text, retell it. Liver The liver is the largest glandular organ of the body. It is located in the upper right part of the abdominal cavity under the dome of diaphragm. The human liver is the same reddish brown Fig. 17-2. The liver color as the animal liver seen in the supermarket. The liver has a large right lobe and a smaller left lobe. It has also a double blood supply: the portal vein and the hepatic artery. The hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood to the liver, and the portal vein carries blood that is rich in the end products of digestion (Fig. 17-2). The main functions of the liver can be listed: 1) storage of glucose; 2) formation of blood plasma proteins; 3) synthesis of urea (сечовина, [ jusris]); 4) modification of fats; 5) production of bile; 6) destruction of old red blood cells; 7) detoxification of harmful substances; 8) storage of vitamins and iron.
Exercise 2. Make up questions on the text.
Exercise 3. Make up 10 sentences with different forms of the gerund. UNIT EIGHTEEN
I. Speaking: Digestive System Disorders After careful study of this unit you should be able to: - list all stomach disorders and their symptoms; - describe what happens during formation of peptic ulcer; - name the symptoms of stomach cancer; - list intestinal disorders. Exercise 1. Learn the following words by heart, pay attention to their Latin/Greek equivalents.
Exercise 2. Read the text. In the cardiological department one can see patients with heart diseases. They suffer from myocarditis, pericarditis, cardiosclerosis, etc. They have heart troubles, breathlessness, weakness and other symptoms. In the pulmonological department there are patients with lung diseases. They suffer from pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, etc. They complain of their bad cough, high temperature, headache. In the gastroenterological department you can find patients with abdominal diseases. They have gastritis, colitis, ulcer, etc. They feel pain in their stomachs, weakness and sometimes they have vomiting or nausea. Many patients are recovering. Some of them are all right. But some patients are in a bad condition. Doctors pay much attention to the patients. They use different methods of treatment. Many patients are discharged from the hospital every day. Exercise 3. Answer the following questions. 1. What patients can one see in the cardiological department? 2. What diseases do they suffer from? 3. What lung diseases do patients suffer from? 4. Are many patients recovering? 5. What methods of treatment do doctors use?
Exercise 4. Add missing parts to the word gastr(o) using Greek term elements.
Exercise 5. You are a gastroenterologist and you're consulting a patient (make up a dialog with your friend). Use the following word combinations: - to be sick - почувати нудоту (англ.); бути хворим (амер.); - to be X-rayed - пройти рентген; - to follow doctor's orders - виконувати вказівки лікаря; - to keep (stay) in bed - дотримуватися постільного режиму; - you don't look well - у вас поганий вигляд; - to be operated upon - бути прооперованим; - to be feverish - лихоманити; - I feel faint. - Мені погано. - My head swings. - У мене крутиться голова. - Your tongue is rather coated (is not clean). - У вас наліт на язиці. - Lie down on you back (stomach). - Ляжте на спину (живіт). - Do you have a good (poor) appetite? - Ви маєте добрий (поганий) апетит? - Do you have vomiting (heartburn)? - У вас блювання (печія)? - Is the vomit bloodstrained (with mucus, unfrequent, violent)? - Блювота з кров'ю (зі слизом, нечаста, сильна)? - Of what color is the vomit? - Якого кольору блювота? - Is your tongue always pink? - Ваш язик завжди рожевий? - Is there any pain in your abdomen? - У вас болить живіт?
- Do you suffer from indigestion (gastric or duodenal ulcer)? - У Вас розлад травлення (виразка шлунка чи дванадцятипалої кишки)? - Is the gastric pain relieved by taking food or soda? - Чим заспокоюєте біль - їжею чи содовою водою? - The liver, spleen, gall bladder arc not palpable. - Печінка, селезінка, жовчний міхур не промацуються. Exercise 6. Translate the following sentences. 1. Ці пацієнти страждають на виразку шлунка. Вони відчувають біль у шлунку, загальну слабкість. У них буває нудота або блювання. 2. У цього чоловіка часто буває пронос, він відчуває біль у шлунку після їжі. 3. Ця пацієнтка у поганому стані. У неї висока температура, блювання і сильно болить голова. 4. Ці пацієнти одужують. Скоро їх випишуть із лікарні.
Exercise 7. Read, translate the text and make up a plan on it.
Ulcers An ulcer (peptic ulcer) is a sore or a crater in the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. Ulcers may develop in the stomach (gastric ulcers) or in the upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). Ulcers develop when something damages the protective lining and allows stomach acid to eat away at it. Factors that increase the risk of ulcers include: - regular use of aspirin, ibuprofen, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as indomethacin, naproxen, clinoril, etc.; - smoking; - infection with the bacteria called Helicobacter pylori. Symptoms of an ulcer may include a burning or sharp pain in the abdomen between the navel and the end of the breastbone. The pain often occurs between meals and may wake the person during the night. The pain can usually be relieved by eating something or taking an antacid. Ulcers may also cause heartburn, nausea or vomiting, and a bloated or full feeling during or after meals. Ulcers can cause bleeding in the stomach, which may produce black or tarry bowel movements. Without treatment, ulcers may occasionally cause obstruction or break through (perforate) the stomach lining. Bleeding and perforation are serious situations that require immediate treatment. Home Treatment - Avoid foods that seem to bring on symptoms. It isn't necessary to eliminate any particular food from your diet (although milk and milk products slow healing and should be avoided). - Eliminate alcohol, caffeine, and spicy foods if they seem to worsen symptoms. - Try eating smaller, more frequent meals. If it doesn't help, return to a regular diet. - Stop smoking. People who smoke are twice as likely to develop ulcers as nonsmokers. Smoking also slows healing of ulcers. - Do not take aspirin or ibuprofen. Try acetaminophen instead. - Antacids are usually needed to neutralize stomach acid and allow the ulcer to heal. Talk with your doctor about the best dose. You may need frequent large doses to do the job. Nonabsorbable antacids like Maalox, Mylanta, and Gelusil are often best. If you are on a low-salt diet, talk with your doctor or pharmacist before choosing an antacid. Some antacids have a high sodium content. - Too much stress may slow ulcer healing. Exercise 8. Here is a list of different disorders of the organs of the digestive system. Read the information, compare English words with their Greek equivalents. 1. Peritonitis is the peritoneal inflammation. 2. Caries, gingivitis and periodonitis are diseases of the oral cavity. 3. Pharyngitis is the inflammation of the pharynx. 4. Gastritis, ulcer and cancer are diseases of the stomach. 5. Enteritis, diarrhea, appendicitis, and cancer are disorders of the intestines. 6. Diseases of the liver are hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancer. 7. Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas. 8. Gallstones (or cholelithiasis) and cholecystitis are disorders of the gall bladder. Exercise 9. Answer the following questions. 1) What symptoms of digestive disorders can you name? 2) What diseases of the stomach do you know? 3) Will you describe peptic ulcer? 4) What factors increase the risk of ulcer? 5) What may ulcer cause? 6) What can you advise to a patient suffering from ulcer? 7) What diseases of the accessory organs do you know? Control Tests. Digestive System 1. What function does the process of digestion 3. Where does food get in at first? A. Sexual B. The small intestine B. Metabolism c The orai cavity
C. Supportive D. The duodenum D. Protective E. Immune 2. What processing does food undergo in the 4' With the helP of what is food cut in the oral cavity? mouth? A. Mechanical A. Teeth B. Mechanical and particularly chemical B. Tongue C. Only chemical C. Gums D. Particularly chemical D. Palate E. Particularly mechanical E. Cheeks 5. Where does food go from the oral cavity? A. Esophagus B. Stomach C. Gullet D. Pharynx E. Larynx 6. With the help of what is food segregated in A. Stomach juice and enzymes B. Saliva and stomach juice C. Enzymes and gall D. Stomach juice and water E. Water and enzymes 7. What is there between the pharynx and A. Liver B. Duodenum C. Heart D. Ribs E. Gullet 8. Where are fats split? A. In the stomach B. In the rectum C. In the anal canal D. In the gall bladder E. In the duodenum 9. What organ also takes part in digestion? A. Kidney B. Heart C. Brain
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