MEDICAL SPECIALTIES AND SPECIALISTS 17 страница
The skin contains two sets of glands: the sweat glands and the sebaceous glands. The nails and hair are special structures developed from the epidermis. The functions of the skin are of great importance and are as follows: to enclose contained parts, to act as a protective covering, to contain special nerve endings, which receive and convey certain waste products in the form of perspiration which consists of water with a proportion of mineral matter dissolved in it and a small quantity of carbonic acid. • Observation of the skin can tell you much: what does its color indicate? Are there any lesions ['hVjsnz]: wounds, or local damage, or trauma, or eruption? A general term referring to any skin disease is dermatitis. Inflammation of the skin is called dermatitis. Sunlight may cause chemical and biological changes in the skin, and it may lead to skin cancer. Eczema is a very unpleasant disease that may be found in all age groups of people, and eczema may affect any and all parts of the skin surface. It is noncontagious disease. There are many other skin diseases, such as furuncles, carbuncles, psoriasis (a chronic disease with the skin covered by silvery scales), herpes, cancer of the skin, urticaria (an allergic reaction characterized by red patches (hives) often accompanied by severe itching), decubitus ulcers, or bedsores, or pressure ulcer - areas of dead skin and subcutaneous tissues. The nurse who cares for a bed patient must prevent the beginning of such a disease by frequent position change of this bed patient, because it is far easier than treatment of an established ulcer. Exercise 3. Look at Fig. 9-1 and describe the structure of the skin. Exercise 4. Name the skin glands and appendages. Exercise 5. Describe the structure of the epidermis and dermis. Exercise 6. Explain the main functions of the skin. Exercise 7. List skin diseases. Exercise 8. Answer the following questions. 1) What are the layers of the skin? 2) What is the difference between the cells of the surface layer and the deeper layer? 3) What does each papilla contain? 4) What does perspiration consist of? 5) What is the role of observation of the skin? 6) What is the difference in the terms dermatosis and dermatitis! 7) What disease may sunburn cause? 8) Is eczema a contagious disease?
Fig. 9-1. Skin structure
9) What is urticaria? 10)What is the duty of the nurse who cares for bed patients?
II. Grammar Exercises
Exercise 1. Form adjectives using the suffix -j, translate them. Air, word, health, water, risk, sun.
Exercise 2. Match the given adjectives and nouns. Adjectives: hard, several, successful, whole, human, deep, clear. Nouns: head, body, knowledge, work, subjects, day, examination, observation, skin. Exercise 3. Name the part of speech of the words in bold type. Translate the sentences. A. 1. Last month they had practical classes at the Chair of Therapy. 2. These experimen:-usually last for about two hours. 3. There are two terms in an academic year. 4. First-yea: students study many anatomical terms. 5. In summer I usually rest in the village. 6. My frier, c and I went to the theater and the rest of our group went to the cinema. 7. What kind of books do you like? 8. We know that this doctor is a very kind and intellectual person. B. 1.1 need your help very much. 2. A friend in need is a friend indeed (друзі пізнаються C. 1. At the end of the winter term we will take two examinations and at the end of the
Exercise 4. Make up 10 sentences using the tables.
The best thing
We She/he They is was will be
is was will be would be wait(s) waited will wait important necessary dangerous better
for
for for me you him them
you us them me me you them to stay here, to buy it. to take this drug, to visit a doctor. to invite Richard, to wait for them, to go away, to think a little. to have a talk. to come back. to answer the question. to go out. Exercise 5. Transform the following complex sentences into the Prepositional Infinitive Complex. 1. It is necessary that we start the operation today. 2. It is necessary that she recovers soon. 3. It is important that he works regularly. 4. It is necessary that you go to your doctor twice a year. Exercise 6. Translate into Ukrainian: 1. The disease was too serious for that patient to recover soon. 2. It is cold for the children to go out. 3. The first thing for the doctor to do is to find out the child's case history. 4. It is very important for the nurse to know her duties. 5. The manipulation was too difficult for the nurse to do it without the help of the doctor. 6. It is necessary for many hypertension patients to be registered. 7. It is necessary for the eye to be operated on and treated for a long time. 8. The first thing for him to do is to consult a doctor. Exercise 7. Translate into English. 1. Нам краще залишитись сьогодні вдома. 2. Йому важливо проконсультуватись у лікаря ще раз. 3. 4. 5. Єдина правильна річ для них - це припинити палити. Вони зачекають, поки ми повернемося. Мені вже час іти додому.
ill. Independent Work: Taking Care of Skin and Its Appendages
Exercise 1. Read and translate the text.
Taking Care of Skin and Its Appendages The most important factors for people to keep the skin and hair attractive are those that ensure good general health. Proper nutrition and adequate circulation are vital to the health of the skin. Cleansing soap-and-water bath or shower is an important part of good grooming and health. Careful hand washing with soap and water, with attention to the under nail areas, is a simple measure to reduce the spread of disease. Dairly brushing of the hair removes dirt and dead skin cells and distributes hair oils. Shampooing the hair prevents accumulated dirt and oils from irritating the scalp. The skin needs protection from continued exposure to sunlight to prevent premature aging and cancerous changes. Appropriate application of sunscreens before sun exposure can prevent skin damage. Exercise 2. Write out sentences with the infinitive or its complexes. State their forms. Exercise 3. Translate into Ukrainian, pay attention to the infinitive complexes. 1. For you to breathe fresh and pure air is very important. 2. It is not difficult for the doctor to treat the disease. 3. The patient is said to be operated in the operating room. 4. The nurse gave the patient sedative to relive the pain. 5. It is necessary for the ear to be treated for a long time. 6. The main thing for him is to consult a doctor. 7. The injection of this drug caused the temperature to rise for a short time. 8. He ordered everything to be prepared for blood transfusion. 9. Everybody knows morphine to be dangerous in conditions of low metabolism. 10. Scientists seem to find new methods in the treatment of cancer. Exercise 5. Translate into English using infinitive complexes. 1. Ми бачили, як хірург робив цю операцію. 2. Він сподівається, що вона повернеться в неділю. 3. Кажуть, що вони обстежують хворих за допомогою комп'ютера. 4. Було чути, як дитина співала у дитячій кімнаті. 5. Нам краще було б використати цей метод лікування. 6. Я хочу, щоб ти швидко переклав цей текст. UNIT TEN
I. Speaking: Cardiovascular System. Blood After careful study of this unit you should be able to: - list the functions of the blood; - list the main ingredients in the plasma; - name three elements of the blood; - define blood type; - explain the effect of blood type on transfusions; - define anemia and leukemia; - describe the tests used to study blood. Exercise 1. Learn the following words by heart, remember their Latin/Greek equivalents.
Exercise 2. Read the text, translate it, make up its detailed plan.
Blood
It is considered that the blood is a connective tissue, because nearly half of it is made up of cells. But the cells of the blood are not fixed in position, they move freely in the liquid portion of the blood called plasma.
The blood is carried through a closed system of vessels pumped by the heart and serves the body in three ways: transportation, regulation and protection. The blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, minerals, vitamins, waste products and hormones. The blood regulates fluid balance, body ,„.,,,, temperature; it protects the body from blood Fig. 10-1. Blood cells,, • Л- • ■ loss and against foreign organisms. The constituents of the blood are the plasma and formed elements. The plasma is a liquid composed of water, proteins, nutrients. minerals, waste products, hormones and other materials. The elements of blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets (or thrombocytes). There are some types of white cells: granulocytes (include neutrophils ['nju:tra,filz], eosinophils [,i:ou'sinafilz] and basophils ['beissfilz]), and agranulocytes (include lymphocytes and monocytes) (Fig. 10-1). Each element has its own function: - erythrocytes transport oxygen; - leukocytes destroy pathogens, so they protect the body against infection; - thrombocytes participate in blood clotting. There are cases when the amount of blood is severely reduced. The body cells suffer from lack of oxygen and nutrients. With the help of transfusion we can increase the amount of the blood. Transfusion is a procedure of administering blood from another person and giving it to the patient. The person who gives the blood is called the donor, and the person who receives it is called the recipient. Human blood is divided into four groups: group AB, group A, group B, group 0. These letters indicate the type of antigen present in the red cells, with 0, indicating that neither A nor В antigen is present. It is these antigens in the donor's red cells that react with the antibodies in the patient's plasma and cause a transfusion reaction. Persons with group 0 are said to be universal donors and the persons with group AB are called universal recipients. To blood disorders belong anemia, leukemia, hemophilia and thrombocytopenia. Anemia is the lack of hemoglobin. Leukemia is the excess production of white corpuscles. Hemophilia is the lack of clotting factors. Thrombocytopenia is the lack of platelets.
Exercise 3. List the functions of the blood.
Exercise 4. Look at Fig. 10-1, name all the components of the blood.
Exercise 5. Find sentences describing the composition of the plasma (use the text). Exercise 6. What is the main function of: - erythrocytes? - leukocytes? - thrombocytes?
Exercise 7. Speak about groups of blood (use Table 10-1 and Fig. 10-2).
Table 10-1. Blood Groups
Exercise 8. Answer the following questions. 1) What kind of tissue is the blood? Why? 2) What color can the blood have? 3) How much blood has the human body? 4) What are the functions of the blood? 5) Can you name all constituents of the blood? 6) Whom do we call donors and recipients? 7) What is transfusion? 8) What can you tell about anemia? 9) What is leukemia? 10) What clotting disorders do you know?
II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. State the forms of the infinitives in the following sentences. Translate them. 1.1 can't hear a word, though he seems to be speaking. 2.1 am happy not to have failed you. 3. We were sorry to find out that the surgeon we wanted to see that day was absent. 4. We didn't expect the son to come back soon. 5. One of the students was suddenly taken ill and had to be operated on immediately. 6. It is not so difficult for him to diagnose this disease. 7. He is said to enter the medical university this year again.
Exercise 2. Make up sentences with the infinitive complexes; use the tables. (Objective) to want to clear up to expect to make an injection should/would like to keep the medicine in a dark place (Subjective) to see to hear to watch to notice
(Prepositional) It's easy for It's difficult for It's important for
to enter the ward to speak English well to be operated on to complain of a bad headache
to stay in bed to recover soon not to find necessary medicines Exercise 3. Translate into Ukrainian, pay attention to the infinitive complexes. A. 1. Вони хочуть, щоб ми прийшли до них сьогодні. 2. Ми не хочемо, щоб вона їхала ви нас так швидко. 3. Мати хотіла, щоб дочка вступила до університету. 4. Лікар не хотів, щое пацієнт їхав на південь. 5. Ніхто не хоче, щоб студенти запізнювались на лекції. 6. Я люблю, коли в кімнаті тепло. 7. Професор любить, щоб студенти задавали йому питання. 8. Чи хоче
B.1. Я ніколи не чула, як він C.1. Кажуть, що він у Києв 2.Відомо, що вона має свою думк;- 3.Здається, він добре знає це-" D.1. Вам необхідно бути т>т III. Independent Work: Blood Tests Exercise 1. Read the text, translate it. Blood Tests Many kinds of studies may be made on the blood: 1. The hematocrit, the volume percentage of red blood cells in the whole body, is determined лу a high-speed centrifuge for 3-5 minutes; and the cellular elements are separated from the -.Masma. For males, the normal range is 42-54 ml per 100 ml blood. For females the range is -lightly lower - 36-42 ml per 100 ml blood. 2. Hemoglobin tests are done to measure the oxygen level and the color of the blood is.ompared with a known color scale. Electrophoresis is done to measure normal or abnormal • pes of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is expressed in grams per 100 ml whole blood. In males the:ormal range is 14-17 g per 100 ml. in females - 12-15 g per 100 ml blood. 3. Blood cell counts are used to count erythrocytes and leukocytes. 4. Complete blood count (CBC) includes the examination of a stained blood slide under "lie microscope. 5. Blood chemistry tests include tests for electrocytes, such as sodium, potassium, chloride, -carbonate, glucose, enzymes, hormones and waste products. 6. Coagulation studies are to know the time for the clot formation, bleeding time, capillar}' -nength, platelet function. 7. Bone marrow biopsy gives valuable information to diagnose bone marrow disorders, Exercise 2. Read the text. Find passages about the count of leukocytes and erythrocytes, jnd translate them. Memorize the number of WBC and RBC. Corpuscular Elements of Blood Blood is a fluid tissue with many various functions. Not only important physiological rrocess takes place in the blood but it determines the activity of widely separated body cells. Blood is composed of plasma and the corpuscular elements which are called red corpuscles r erythrocytes, white corpuscles or leukocytes and blood platelets or thrombocytes. It is generally considered that no sex differences exist in the count of white corpuscles or eukocytes. The count of leukocytes in the blood of a healthy person is 4,500 to 9,500 per cu. mm cubic millimeter). When the number of white blood cells (WBC) is counted after mental or •- sical exertion, meals and mild activity, it may increase to 10,000 and more per cu. mm. It is estimated that the erythrocytes are the most numerous cellular elements, ranging from -.t)00,000 to 5,000,000 per cu. mm. The red blood cell count (RBC) may change with age; lien the red blood cell count is done after physical exertion and emotions, it may increase. One knows that the red corpuscles have two physical features which are very important in e function of respiration. They have great elasticity and flexibility. These features give them " c possibility to pass through very small capillaries. The discoid form of the corpuscle gives it - maximal surface for a given mass. The most important part of the red cell is its red coloring substance or hemoglobin which ■". an average forms about 36 % of its mass. The total blood volume is divided into circulating and deposit volumes. The average human blood volume is not less than 7.5 % but not more than 10 % of the body weight. It is generally stated that the circulating volume averages smaller in females thar. in males. The circulating volume of the blood depends on the changes of the air temperature. Exercise 3. Complete the sentences choosing the necessary word combinations. 1. The most numerous cells of blood are... a) white blood corpuscles. b) red blood corpuscles. c) blood platelets. 2. Blood is... a) a connective tissue. b) a muscular tissue. c) a fluid tissue. d) a nervous tissue. 3. The right ventricle discharges the blood to the lungs... a) through the aorta. b) through the pulmonary arteries. c) through the portal vein. 4. The blood is discharged out... a) of the ventricles. b) of the atria. Exercise 4. Read and memorize these interesting facts. Do you know that: 1) each erythrocyte lives 120-130 days? 2) each leukocyte lives 4-7 days? 3) every day 200,000,000 erythrocytes are born and the same number dies? Exercise 5. Read the sentences and say what they are about. 1. These corpuscles have great elasticity and flexibility. These features give them possibility to pass through very small capillaries. 2. The count of these corpuscles in the bio:-; of a healthy person is from 5,000 to 7,000 per cu. mm. The number of these corpuscles increa^ when a person becomes ill.
UNIT ELEVEN
I. Speaking: Cardiovascular System. Heart After careful study of this unit you should be able to: - define the location of the heart; - name four chambers of the heart; - name four valves; - characterize the chambers of the heart; - describe the muscular structure; - name three groups of vessels; - classify heart diseases; - describe approaches to the treatment of heart diseases. Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words by heart, remember their Latin/Greek equivalents.
Exercise 2. Learn the words. interspace [,ints'speis] проміжок; інтервал mitral fmaitrsl] мітральний tricuspid [trai'kAspid] тристулковий semilunar [,semi'lu:na] (на)півмісяцевий; серповидний triangular [,trai'aengju:ta] трикутний; тригранний within - в, у межах; всередині separate ['seprat] окремий, відокремлений; відокремлювати(сь) thick - товстий; щільний; густий coat [кзої] оболонка; наліт; шар dilate [dai'leit] розширювати(сь) contract [kant'ra;kt ] скорочуватись Exercise 3. Read and translate the following word combinations. Chamber ['tfeimba]: the heart consist of two separate chambers: the right atrium and th. right ventricle are in the right chamber; thick [бік]: a thick wall; the walls of the left atrium are thick; the left ventricle has thic-walls; pulmonary: pulmonary artery, pulmonary circulation; pulmonary diseases; pulmonar function; pulmonary valve; dilate: dilated; to be dilated, the vessels dilate; the heart dilates and contracts.
Exercise 4. Read the text and retell it.
Heart and Vascular System The heart is an inner hollow muscular organ placed within the chest and included in x:.-pericardium. The base of the heart is against the third rib. Its apex is against the interspa.: between the fifth and sixth costal cartilages. The weight of the heart is about 300 g in the m_.; and about 220 g in the female. The heart consists of two separate chambers divided by the septum. Each of the chambe-has two connected parts: the atrium and the ventricle. The atrioventricular valves separate atria from the ventricles. In the left chamber the atrium and ventricle are separated by the mitral valve. In the rig: chamber the atrium and ventricle are separated by the tricuspid valve. At the point of origin of the aorta in the left ventricle another valve is located. This va/ -. is called the semilunar valve of the aorta. At the point of origin of the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle the fourth valve located. It is called the semilunar valve of the pulmonary artery. The right atrium is larger than the left one, but the walls of the left atrium are thicker t'r._-those of the right one. The right ventricle is triangular in form and has thick walls. The ri;_ ventricle is in the anterior part of the heart. The left ventricle is longer and more conical t'r „-the right one. The walls of the left ventricle are three times as thick as the walls of the right or.-. The valves are located at the entrance and exit of each ventricle. The muscular structure of the heart consists of fibrous bands divided into two groups: -. first ones are the fibrous bands of the atria and the second ones are the fibrous bands of:: ventricles. The vascular system consists of three groups of vessels: arteries, veins and capillaries. The vessels carrying blood to and from the tissues of the body compose the general syste-They are called the systemic vessels. The pulmonary system is formed by the vessels carrying blood to and from the lungs The portal system is formed by the veins passing to the liver. Most of the arteries are composed of three coats. The arteries dilate and com: simultaneously with the action of the heart.
Exercise 5. Describe the structure of the heart. Exercise 6. Read and translate the text, make up questions based on it.
Work of Human Heart The human heart contracts from the first moment of life until the last one. The contractions of the heart pump the blood through the arteries to all the parts of the body. Scientists have determined that the total weight of blood pumped by the heart daily is about ten tons. The rate of heart contractions is regulated by two groups of nerve fibers: it varies in different persons and at different age. Physiologists have determined that in the adult the heart makes from 60 to 72 beats per minute. In children the rate of heartbeat is much higher. Research work of many scientists has helped to determine that the rate of heartbeat increases depending on different emotions. Each beat of the heart is followed by a period of rest for the cardiac muscle. Each wave of contraction and a period of rest following it compose a cardiac cycle. Research work has given physiologists the possibility to find out that the muscle works or contracts about one third of the person's life. The period of rest is shorter during greater physical exertion and longer when the body is at rest.
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він, щоб ми прийшли сюди знову?
