MEDICAL SPECIALTIES AND SPECIALISTS 23 страницаThe autonomic nervous system regulates the action of the glands, the smooth muscles of hollow organs, and the heart. The sympathetic part tends to act as an accelerator for the organs needed to meet a stressful situation. The parasympathetic part normally acts as a balance for the sympathetic system once a crisis has passed. The autonomic nervous system, together with the endocrine system, regulates our responses to stress.
Exercise 3. Write out all terms of Greek origin form Texts 1, 2, 3.
Exercise 4. Define the following terms. Plexus, ganglia, autonomic nervous system, somatic nervous system, neuritis, neuron, herpes zoster, synapse, nervous system. Exercise 5. Differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the translation of the indefinite gerund active as a: a) noun: 1. He likes swimming. 2. They are fond of jumping. 3. You don't mind testing. b) infinitive: 1. She is afraid of operating. 2. He was not against her coming here. 3. My friends enjoy sitting in the sun. c) participle: 1. He went away without leaving his address. 2. After sleeping for about an hour, the child began to cry again. 3. We can treat this disease by using anti-inflammatory drugs. d) verb:
Не is proud of having been invited to the congress. 1. There is no hope of our seeing him soon. 2.1 was very glad of my friend's helping me with this work. 3. We insisted on being informed of the beginning of that operation. Exercise 2. State the parts of speech of the following words. Treat - treatment; toxic - toxicogenetic - toxicosis - intoxicate; associated - association; main - mainly; available - availability; determinate - determine - determination; restriction -restrictive. Exercise 3. Make up all possible questions based on the sentence. Human appetite is regulated by chemical balance between a part of the brain and various chemicals. Exercise 4. Translate into English using gerunds. 1. Той хлопець дуже любить подорожувати. 2. Ти боїшся прийти туди першим? 3. Після того, як хірург обстежував хворих протягом години, він пішов до операційної. 4. Мені сказали про те, що він вступив до медичного коледжу. III. Independent Work: This Is Incredibly Lovely Exercise 1. Read the text. This Is Incredibly Lovely Two man, both seriously ill, occupied the same hospital room. One man was allowed to sit upon his bed for an hour each afternoon to help drain the fluid from his lungs. His bed was next to the room's only window. The other man had to spend all his time flat on his back. The men talked for hours. They spoke of their wives and families, their homes, their jobs, their involvement in the military service, where they had been on vacation. And ever}' afternoon when the man in the bed near the window could sit up, he would pass time by describing to his roommate all the things he could see outside the window. The man in the other bed began to live for those one-hour periods where his world would be broadened and enlivened by all the activity and color of the world outside. The window overlooked a park with a lovely lake. Ducks and swans played on the water while children sailed their model boats. Young lovers walked arm in arm amidst flowers of every color of the rainbow. Grand old trees graced the landscape, and a fine view of the city skyline could be seen in the distance. As the man by the window described all this in detail, the man on the other side of the room would close his eyes and imagine the picturesque scene. One warm afternoon the man by the window described a parade passing by. Although the other man couldn't hear the band - he could see it in his mind's eye as a gentleman by the window portrayed it with descriptive words. Days and weeks passed. One morning the day nurse arrived to bring water for their baths only to find the lifeless body of the man by the window, who had died peacefully in his sleep. She was saddened and called the hospital attendants to take the body away. As soon as it seemed appropriate, the other man asked if he could be moved next to the window. The nurse was happy to make the switch, and after making sure he was comfortable, she left him alone. Slowly, painfully, he propped himself up on one elbow to take his first look at the world outside. Finally, he would have the joy of seeing it for himself. He strained to slowly turn to look out the window beside the bed. It faced a blank wall. The man asked the nurse what could have compelled his deceased roommate who had described such wonderful things outside this window. The nurse responded that the man was blind and could not even see the wall. She said, "Perhaps he just wanted to encourage you." Epilogue... There is tremendous happiness in making others happy, despite our own situations. Shared grief is half the sorrow, but happiness when shared, is doubled. If you want to feel rich, just count all of the things you have that money can't buy. "Today is the gift, that's why it is called the present." Exercise 2. Write out new words into your vocabulary. Exercise 3. Retell the story. UNIT TWENTY-ONE
I. Speaking: Nervous System (Part III)
After careful study of this unit you should be able to: - give the location of four main divisions of the brain; - name three meninges; - describe the cerebrospinal fluid; - cite the function of the cerebral cortex; - list the 12 cranial nerves and their functions.
Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words, pay attention to their Latin/Greek equivalents.
Exercise 2. Read and translate the definitions of some terms on the topic. 1) Dura mater is the upper layer, the outmost of the three membranes, which surrounds the spinal cord and is the toughest and most fibrous substance. 2) Arachnoid membrane is the middle part, which lies between the dura and pia maters. 3) Pia mater is the vascular membrane, thin and delicate, immediately enveloping the brain and spinal cord. 4) Pons is a piece of connecting tissue, the bridge of white matter at the base of the brain, containing neural connections between the cerebrum and cerebellum. 5) Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, composed of the left and right hemispheres 6) Gyri (pi.) are the raised areas of the cerebral cortex. 7) Sulci (pi.) are shallow grooves, convolutions of the cerebral cortex.
8) Cerebral cortex is the very thin outer layer of gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. 9) Cerebrospinal fluid is fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord (CSF). It protects the brain from shock. Exercise 3. Look at Fig. 21-1 and describe the brain. Here is a plan for you to speak about the brain. A.1. Meninges - coverings of the brain and spinal cord: a) dura mater; b) arachnoid membrane; c) pia mater. 2. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). B.Divisions of the brain. 1.Cerebrum - the largest part of the brain (right and left hemispheres): a) lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula; b) cortex - outer layer of gray matter.
2. Diencephalon: area between hemispheres and brain stem. 3. Thalamus - directs sensory impulses to cortex. 4. Hypothalamus - maintains homeostasis, controls pituitary ([pi'tju.itari] - гіпофіз). 5. Limbic system.
a) contains parts of cerebrum and diencephalon; b) controls emotion and behavior. 6.Brain stem: a) midbrain - involved in eye and ear reflexes; b) pons - connecting link for other divisions; c) medulla oblongata - connects with spinal cord; contains vital centers for respiration, heart rate, vasomotor activity. 7. Cerebellum - regulates coordination, balance, muscle tone.
Exercise 4. Read and translate the text.
Cranial Nerves There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves. They can be divided into four categories according to their functions: 1. Special sensory impulses, such as those for smell, taste, vision, and hearing. 2. General sensory impulses, such as those for pain, touch, temperature, deep muscle 3. Somatic motor impulses, resulting in voluntary control of skeletal muscles. 4. Visceral motor impulses producing involuntary control of glands and muscles of the The cranial nerves are numbered according to their connection with the brain, beginning at the front and proceeding back (Fig. 21-3). Exercise 5. Look at Fig. 21-2. Name all the activities regulated by the left and right hemispheres.
Exercise 6. Learn the names of all cranial nerves and the parts of their control.
II. Grammar Exercises
Exercise 1. State the parts of speech of the following words: Act - action - active - activity - activate - activation; flexibility - flexion - flexible; assess - assessment - reassessment;
Fig. 21-2. Brain nerves left side of body right side of body Fig. 21-3. Cerebral hemispheres and actions regulated by them quantity - quantitative - quantify; nature - natural - naturally - naturalist; automat - automatic - automaticity - automatical - automatism; investigate - investigation - investigator - investigatory; exist - existence - existent.
Exercise 2. Translate into English using gerunds. 1. Він ніколи не думав про те, щоб стати хірургом. 2. Лікар приписав вживати подвійну дозу. 3. Хто відповідає за годування лежачих хворих? 4. Вони вважають можливим врятувати життя цієї дівчинки. 5. Давай поговоримо. Ти вже втомився читати. Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences, pay attention that the only means "єдиний". 1. Insulin isn't the only cause of hypoglycemia. 2. Glucose is the only energy source that the brain can utilize. 3. The only sure way of diagnosing tuberculosis at present is to find tubercle bacillus. 4. The only good results in treating this disease are with drugs.
Exercise 4. Find verbal nouns and translate the sentences into Ukrainian. 1. There are many beginnings in all branches of medicine. 2. Your endless comings and goings out disturb the patient. 3. Human beings differ from animals. 4. Clotting of blood is a very complex process. 5. The blood findings are normal in both cases. 6. In the case of peptic ulcer pain follows meals. 7. The lining of the oral epithelium is protective. 8. An infant need> several feedings during the day and night. Exercise 5. a) Pay attention to the following verbs. They don't form nouns with -ing: memorize them: to manufacture (виробляти) - manufacture (виробництво); to produce (виробляти) - production (виробництво); to ship (вантажити) - shipment (вантаження); to deliver (постачати) - delivery (постачання); to arrive (прибувати) - arrival (прибуття); to sell (продавати) - sale (продаж). b) Make up sentences with each of the words above.
III. Independent Work: Sleep Exercise 1. Read the text, translate it. Sleep Sleep is a periodic resting condition of the body and especially of the nervous system. There is a natural rotation of sleeping and waking every twenty-four hours, and sleer comes on commonly during the night when little work can be done. Sleep is not, however.:-. necessary consequence of darkness, as is proved by those persons who have to work in the night and sleep by day, who easily adapt themselves to this condition. Many theories have been advanced as to the cause of sleep. One theory depends upon the well-known fact that the brain receives much smaller blood supply during sleeping than in the waking state. Another theory is the chemical one stating that sleep is due to want of oxygen in the nerve centers. A third theory raises the question as to whether the mind remains active during the period of sleep. None of these theories explains the direct cause of sleep, although each probably accounts for the main cause of different circumstances. When sleep comes on, the eyes are closed as a rule, though in man, even when they are left open, the sense of sight is quickly lost as the sleep deepens. The pupils contract also during sleep and dilate widely as the person wakens. Hearing is lost more slowly and a person can be wakened even from deep sleep by a loud noise. In natural sleep touch remains the least affected of senses, and even the lightest touch will awaken many people from deep sleep. With regards to the onset of sleep as it affects the mind willpower is the first faculty to go and the last to appear1 in wakening. The association of ideas and power of reasoning disappears next and people are worried in light sleep by some simple ideas which they cannot explain or understand. Memory and imagination remain longest, and in dreams the mind is presented with a series of bright, unconnected pictures. The part of the brain which regulates the power of movement is late in falling asleep, sleeps only lightly since people may turn and make various other movements without waking. Other parts of the body, as well as the brain, rest during sleep. Note: 1 the first faculty to go and the last to appear - здатність, що першою зникає і останньою з'являється Exercise 2. Make up a plan of the text. Exercise 3. Find sentences about the theory of sleep. Exercise 4. Find English equivalents. 1. Про причину сну було висунуто багато теорій. 2. Жодна з теорій не пояснює прямої причини сну. 3. Сон, однак, не пов'язаний із настанням темряви. Exercise 5. Answer the questions. 1. What is sleep? 2. What are the theories of sleep? 3. What organs of sense are affected first? 4. What organs are late in falling asleep?
Exercise 6. Describe the process of falling asleep. UNIT TWENTY-TWO
I. Speaking: Nervous System (Part IV)
After careful study of this unit you should he able to: - name different methods of brain studies; - list nervous and psychiatric diseases; - name medicines used to treat these diseases.
Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words, pay attention to their Latin/Greek equivalents.
Bruin Studies
CT (computer tomography) scan is the major tool for clinical study of the brain. By means of a computer, the information is organized and displayed as photos of bones, soft tissues, and cavities of the brain. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) gives even clearer pictures of the brain without the use of dyes or X-rays. The method is based on computerized interpretation of the movements of atomic nuclei following exposure to radio waves within a powerful magnetic field. It gives more views of the brain and hemorrhaging not shown by CT. With PET (positron emission tomography) one can actually see the brain in action. With this method, a radioactively labelled substance, for example glucose, is followed as it moves through the brain. It may be recorded by an instrument called electoroencephalograph. The recorded tracings or brain waves produce an electoroencephalogram (EEG). Exercise 3. Answer the following questions. 1. What is CTS? 2. What does the method of MRI mean? 3. What is EEG? 4. What can we study with the help of the electroencephalograph? Exercise 4. Read and translate the following clinical conditions of brain disorders. Ataxia is the lack of muscular coordination. Aphasia [as'feizja] is a total or partial loss of the power to use or understand words. This condition is caused by brain disease or injury. Cerebrovascular [,seribr3'va;skjub] accident is the condition involving bleeding from the brain or obstruction of blood flow to the brain tissue. Encephalom yelitis [en,sef3l3u,maia'laitis] is the inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. In most cases it is a virus disease. Parkinson's disease appears commonly in people over 60. This disease is characterized by tremors, slowness of movement, body rigidity, and inability to maintain posture. Epilepsy is a chronic disorder involving an abnormality of the electric activity of the brain with or without apparent changes in the nerve tissues. The cause of diseases is unknown. The attacks of epilepsy may be so mild as to be hardly noticeable or so severe as to result in loss of consciousness. Tumors of the brain are growths of brain tissues and meninges of abnormal character. Glioma [glai'aums] is a tumor that arises from supporting structure of nerves - neuroglia. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease in which there is scattered demyelination of the central nervous system: it is characterized by speech defects, loss of muscular coordination, etc. Exercise 5. Prove that the brain is responsible for all activities of the organs and organism as a whole. Exercise 6. Translate into English. 1. Транквілізатори - це заспокійливі засоби. 2. Вони мають властивості зменшення негативних емоційних реакцій, таких як страх, тривога, неспокій. 3. Броміди застосовуються в медицині з 1926 року як заспокійливі засоби. 4. Настійка валеріани руйнується під впливом сонячного проміння. 5. Для лікування ЦНС лікарі застосовують багато ліків, що діляться на підгрупи: засоби для наркозу, снодійні, протисудомні. наркотичні анальгетики, нейролептики, транквілізатори та заспокійливі засоби. 6. Наркоз - це штучно викликаний глибокий сон. 7. Аміназин - це нейролептичний засіб, що знижує кров'яний тиск, усуває тривогу і страх. 8. Больові рецептори-це вільні нервові закінчення, що розміщені в поверхневих та глибоких шарах шкіри, у внутрішніх органах, стінках артеріальних судин. 9. Морфін - це наркотичний анальгетик, що легко всмоктується в кров із кишечника.
II. Grammar Exercises
Exercise 1. Translate the following international words. Polyclinic, comfort, regular, visit, normal, method, program, personnel, philosophy, culture, logic, medicine, temperature, consultation, examination, vaccination, periodic, instruction. Exercise 2. Transform the sentences using gerunds instead of infinitives according to the model. Model: We continue to study anatomy. We continue studying anatomy. 1. My sister began to work at this big hospital five years ago. 2. She has just finished to dress the wound of the patient. 3. We preferred to speak to the director. 4.1 have just begun to translate the text. Exercise 3. Make the following sentences interrogative. 1. Reading medical articles is important for a nurse. 2.1 know of his having been proposed a new job at a hospital. 3. Instead of operating this patient they decided to use the new method of treatment the disease. 4. Copying the text he made a few mistakes. 5. After graduating from our medical college she will work as a nurse.
Exercise 4. Complete the following sentences. 1. After having made the operation... 2. Developing this method of treatment... 3. Nowadays nurses prefer using... 4. After returning to the ward... 5. We think of going... Exercise 5. Translate into English. 1. Я не міг підготувати доповідь про екологічну ситуацію в Україні, не прочитавши цієї статті. 2. Очевидно, лікування буде тривати два тижні. 3. Закінчивши медичний коледж, вона повернулась працювати до рідного села. 4. Дякую за те, що ви зробили мені перев'язку. 5. Я запитала, чи впевнений він у тому, що складе всі іспити.
III. Independent Work: Pain Exercise 1. Read the text. Pain There are no adequate stimuli for pain; any form of stimulus evokes pain if it's sufficiently strong. Pain is the most primitive and one of the most important sensations. It is generally held that the free nerve endings of small myelinated fibers which do not end in specialized anatomic structures constitute the receptors for pain. They are the most widely distributed receptors in the body, being found in the skin, cornea, blood vessels, and most viscera. The threshold of irritability is high; consequently the stimulations appearing in them are of such intensity as to threaten health and life. For this reason they are frequently called nociceptors. They elicit protective and defensive reflexes. Because of their vital importance, the impulses from the nociceptors always take precedence in the reflex activity of the nervous system.
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