Referential approach (psychological)

The model is the result of attempts to find relations between words and things.

C.Ogden and I.Richards (this triangle):

Is represented by Meaning: an animal kept as a pet

Name:”dog” is named by Referent: a real dog

Symbol- word

Referent- thing

Reference- meaning

We’re able to use a word when this triangle is formed in our brain, when we know what object (concept) this word denotes.

Выготский: “a word is a microcosm of human conscienceness”

Words are different.

H. Sweet distinguished between full words (words with an independent meaning and form words which are grammatical elements. (the same Aristotel)

Tree if

Sing if

Blue of

Gently and

The words in 1-st column

Second- has no independent meaning proper. They are of structural function (they contribute to the meaning of the whole phrase when they are used in conjunction with other words)/ This division is not strict enough. Sometimes form words can receive full semantic status even if they are used in complete isolation.

Sometimes it’s easy to understand the meaning of a words and it’s parts.

S. Ullman distinguishes between transparent and opaque words.

T. words are always motivated.

O. words are conventional words.