Words, which are not grammatical syntagmas, which are not made up of full linguistic signs.

Ex.: expressive symbolism, blending, clipping, rhyme & some others.

Common for both groups is that a new word is based on synchronic relationship between morphemes.

Different types of word formation:

COMPOUNDING

Is joining together 2 or more stems.

Types:

Without a connecting element

Headache, heartbreak

With a vowel or consonant as a linking element

Speedometer, craftsman

With a preposition or conjunction as a linking element

Down-and-out (в ужасном положении, опустошенный)

Son-in-law

Compounds can be classified according to their structure:

Consisting of simple stem

Heartbreak

Compounds where at least one stem is a derived one

Football player

Where one stem is clipped

Xmas

H-bag (handbag)

Where one of the elements is also a compound

Wastepaper basket

Compound nouns, adjectives, verbs.

There are also the so-called reduplicative compounds:

Tick-tick, chow-chow

PREFIXATION

Prefixes are such particles that can be prefixed to full words. But are they not with independent existence.

Native prefixes have developed out of independent words; there is a small number of them.

A-

Be-

Mid-

Fore-

Mis-

Prefixes of foreign origin have come into the language ready-made

Some scholars: the system of English word formation was entirely upset by the Norman Conquest.