Loss of inflections

Loss of grammatical gender

two noun cases: possessive and non-possessive

all adjective inflections lost, loss of weak/strong distinction

verbs: personal endings reduced, mood distinctions blurred

dual/plural distinction lost

change from synthetic to analytic language; reasons: interaction of different inflectional systems in English, French, and Scandinavian; reduction of unstressed final vowels; relative rigidity of word order; increasing use of prepositions and particles changes more visible in North of England.

14. Old English vocabulary in dynamics (Borrowings).

Modern estimates of the total OE vocabulary range from about 30.000-100.000 words. The OE vocab. was almost purely Germanic; except for a small number of borrowings, it consisted of native words, inherited from Proto-Germanic or formed from native roots and affixes.

Native words can be subdivided into some etymological layers coming from different historical periods: 3 main layers in the native words: 1) common Indo-European words. They constitute the oldest part of the OE vocab. Among these words: natural phenomena, plants, animals, agricultural terms, verbs denoting men’s activities, names of parts of the human body, terms of kinship, etc.; this layer includes personal and demonstrative pronouns and most numerals.