SUMMARY OF PROCEDURES A Culture
Way of life and its manifestations peculiar to one speech community. (1) Ecology Animals, plants, local winds, mountains, plains, ice, etc. (2) Material culture (artefacts) Food, clothes, housing, transport and communications (3) Social culture - work and leisure (4) Organisations, customs, ideas - Political, social, legal, religious, artistic (5) Gestures and habits (often described in 'non-cultural' language) Contrast: universals, i.e. general aspects of nature and humans and their physical and mental activities; numbers and dimensions Distinguish: cultural focus, distance (or gap) and overlap B Frame of reference Contextual factors (1) Purpose of text (2) Motivation and cultural, technical and linguistic level of readership (3) Importance of referent in SL text (4) Setting (does recognised translation exist?) (5) Recency ofword/referent (6) Future of referent Translation procedures (1) Transference (2) Cultural equivalent (3) Neutralisation (i.e. functional or descriptive equivalent) (4) Literal translation (5) Label (6) Naturalisation (7) Componential analysis (8) Deletion (of redundant stretches of language in non-authoritative texts, especially metaphors and intensifiers) (9) Couplet (10) Accepted standard translation (11) Paraphrase, gloss, notes, etc. (12) Classifier
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