II. READING (20 points). a) Read the text and answer the questions given below (give full answers):a) Read the text and answer the questions given below (give full answers): ROBOTS IN MANUFACTURING Today most robots are used in manufacturing operations. The applications of robots can be divided into three categories: material handling; processing operations; assembly and inspection. Material handling is the transfer of material and loading and unloading of machines. Material transfer applications require the robot to move materials or work parts from one to another. Many of these tasks are relatively simple: robots pick up parts from one conveyor and place them on another. Other transfer operations are more complex, such as placing parts in an arrangement that can be calculated by the robot. Machine loading and unloading operations utilize a robot to load and unload parts. This requires the robot to be equipped with a gripper that can grasp parts. In robotic processing operations, the robot manipulates a tool to perform a process on the work part. Examples of such applications include spot welding, continuous arc welding and spray painting. Spot welding of automobile bodies is one of the most common applications of industrial robots. The robot positions a spot welder against the automobile panels and frames to join them. Arc welding is a continuous process in which robot move the welding rod along the welding seam. Spray painting is the manipulation of a spray-painting gun over the surface of the object to be coated. Other operations in this category include grinding and polishing in which a rotating serves as the robot’s tool. The third application area of industrial robots is assembly and inspection. The use of robots in assembly is expected to increase because of the high cost of manual labor. But the design of the product is an important aspect of robotic assembly. Assembly methods that are satisfactory for humans but not always suitable for robots: the operations with nuts and screws are extremely difficult for a one-armed robot. Inspection is another area of factory operations in which the utilization of robots is growing. In a typical inspection job, the robot positions a sensor with respect to the work part and determines if the part answers the quality specifications. In nearly all industrial robotic applications, the robot is a substitute for human labor.
1. How are robots used in manufacturing? 2. What does a robot need to be equipped with to do loading and unloading operations? 3. What does robot manipulate in robotic processing operation? 4. What is the most common application of robots in automobile manufacturing? 5. What are the main reasons to use robots in production? 6. How can robots inspect the quality of production? 7. What is “material handling”? 8. What are the examples of robotic processing operations? 9. Why are assembly methods with nuts and screws satisfactory for humans but difficult for robots? 10. Are most robots used in manufacturing operations nowadays? 20 points b) Translate these sentences from Russian into English: 1. Датчики температуры важны для роботов, работающих в экстремальных условиях. 2. Проблема с батареями заключается в том, что они тяжёлые и выходят из строя достаточно быстро. 3. Вскоре после того, как появились первые станки в конце 18 века, инженеры модифицировали их таким образом, что они могли работать сами по себе какое-то количество времени. 4. Компьютеры второго поколения с применением транзисторов были меньше, чем первое поколение компьютеров и потребляли меньше электрической энергии. 5. Являясь областью вычислительной техники, термин «компьютерная безопасность» используется очень часто. 10 points Total Score – 50 points
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