While reading the following text pay attention to the way the ideas are compared. Highlight ed are the connectors in the sentences and links of comparison and contrast in the text.
| Core vocabulary 2
provision - положение
origin – происхождение
emerge from – возникнуть (из)
Corpus Juris Civilis – [‘korpəs ‘dʒuris sivilis] – Body of Civil Law – свод законов гражданского права
Emperor Justinian [‘empərə dʒ^stiniən] – император Юстиниан
Henry II – [henri ðə sekond]
source of law – источник права
code - кодекс
codify – кодифицировать, внести в кодекс
precedent – прецедент, решение суда по конкретному делу, имеющее силу источника права
stare decisis [‘stεərə di’saisis] – доктрина судебного прецедента «стой на решенном» - обязывающая сила прецедента
judgment – решение судьи
binding court decision / ruling – обязывающее решение суда
legal rule – правовая норма
Connectors
Both … and … - и…. и…..
However – Однако /Тем не менее
While ……- притом, что …
Whereas … - между тем ….
Similarly – сходным образом
Unlike – в отличии от
Thus – таким образом
Though - хотя
Consequently - соответственно
By contrast – напротив, в противоположность этому
Nevertheless – все же, тем не менее
| Civil Law is usually compared with Common Law under certain provisions.
Both civil law and common law have their historical origins.
However, while common law developed from custom – the customary way to decide cases, civil law emerged from Roman codified law.
The founder of civil law was Emperor Justinian who created the famous Corpus Juris Civilis – codified legal principles.
Similarly, the founder of common law is considered to be Henry II who introduced the system of “common law” – unified system of precedential higher court rulings common throughout the country.
Each legal system uses particular sources of law.
Unlike common law where binding higher court decisions, or precedents, form a primary source of law, civil law applies codes and statutes referring to previous case decisions as to secondary sources. Thus, we can say that civil law is codified whereas common law is precedential, though constitution and codes are also included into the category of its primary sources.
Consequently, the basic principle for civil law judges is the application of a relevant provision of the code. By contras t, the basic principle for the common law court is “stare decisis” – or “stand by the decision”.
To make a decision the judges in common law courts interpret the binding rulings and even legislate (create a decision where there isn’t any appropriate precedent), while civil law judges apply the code provisions.
Nevertheless, the court decisions in common law are also based in large part on legal rules and statutes, which the judges are supposed to apply and interpret in much the same way as the civil law judges do (e.g. the Sale of Goods Act 1979, the Uniform Commercial Code).
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