What’s the boiling point of oil?
Ex.11 Listen to the text. Find the words which have the sound [au] or [
Ex.12 Find a way from Start to Finish. You may pass a square only if the word in it has the sound [au]. You can move horizontally or vertically only.
Finish 
Pronouncing short words Short words like articles (a, the), conjunctions (and, or) and prepositions (to, of) are usually unstressed. Listen to this chant. Every line has the stress pattern oOoO. They have this rhythm because the first and the third words are unstressed. These words are: some, and, a, of, for, the, to, or, as. (B80)
NB! In fast speech, the consonant sound after the vowel in short words may not be pronounced. In this case, and sounds like an (an apple and an orange and an onion), and of sounds like a (a bit of this and a bit of that). Ex.13 In the sentences below both of the words in bold are possible and they sound similar in fast speech. Listen and underline the one you hear. (B83) 1. I had a salad as/and a main course. 2. Give her an/some eggs if she’s hungry. 3. She went to look at/for the fruit. 4. She gave me a basket of/for bread. 5. Get some pasta and/or rice. 6. I like the/to cook. 7. She ordered a/the soup. 8. Have some/an orange juice. 9. He invited me at/for lunch. 10. He made this jar for/of jam himself. Ex.14 Listen and fill the gaps. Then listen again, check and repeat. Make sure you keep the same rhythm: oOoO. EXAMPLE _ a _ glass _ of _ milk 1. ___ time ___ lunch 2. ___ egg ___ chips 3. ___ bag ___ nuts 4. ___ drink ___ eat 5. ___ cook ___ rice 6. ___ fast ___ that 7. ___ meal ___ two 8. ___ box ___ food 9. ___ fish ___ meat
Agreeing/disagreeing tones When we agree with the other person, our voice often goes down at the end, we tell our opinion, showing confidence. Listen to this conversation, notice that the voices go down at the end of each line. (C87)
We can say the same sentence, but change the meaning by the way we say it. Listen to these two examples. Speaker 1 is telling his opinion clearly. Speaker 2 is leaving something unsaid. You feel he is going to continue with but… (C89)
1. I think there are good. (That’s my opinion.) 2. I think they are good… (They are not too bad, but there’s a reason why I don’t like them.)
Ex.15 Listen to the following sentences. Are these the speaker’s real opinions, or can you ‘hear’ a ‘but’? Write a (.) or (, but…) after each line. (C91) EXAMPLE I like tennis __, but… __ 1. It’s nice. _________ 2. We’re quite good. ________ 3. Yes, it is. ___________ 4. I don’t know. _________ 5. Yes. _______ 6. He does. _______ 7. She likes you. ______ 8. They’re friendly. _______ 9. Not bad. ________
EXAMPLE You aren’t hungry, ___ are you? ___ (check) 1. How’s your headache? It isn’t getting worse, _____________ 2. Those flowers are lovely, ________________ 3. You haven’t seen my glasses anywhere, _____________ 4. Torsen’s a great player, ______________ 5. I’m not sure. He was from Brazil, _____________ 6. I can’t quite remember. You need 40 pounds to win, ______________ 7. Tennis is so boring, _______________ 8. She isn’t a very good swimmer, _______________ 9. I’m not so sure. It starts at nine, ________________ 10. It wasn’t a very interesting game, _______________
Letters and sounds Consonants: [ l ], [ r ] To make the sound [ l ]: Touch the tooth ridge with the end of the tongue. Push the air along the sides of the tongue. To make the sound [ r ]: Curve the end of the tongue back. Move the tongue to relaxed position, moving the lower jaw down a little.
Ex.1 Listen and repeat. [ l ]
lip litre cold fly fall
bicycle needle
[ r ]
rain road rabbit ring train
carrot dress
NB! In South East English and many other accents, you only pronounce [r] if there is a vowel sound after it. For example, in far [fa:] and car [ka:], you do not hear it, but in far away [fa:rәweı] and car engine [ka:rendʒın], you pronounce it because it is followed by a vowel sound. In the American accent the [r] is pronounced.
Ex.2 Listen and repeat the words paying special attention to sounds [r] and [l].
Ex.3 Practise saying the tongue twisters.
Ex.4 Add the sound [l] or [r] to the beginning of the words and write the new ones. Think of sounds, not spelling. EXAMPLE: ache ___ lake ___ 1. eight ____________ 2. owes ____________ 3. air ______________ 4. earn ____________ 5. end _____________ 6. eye _____________ 7. egg _____________ 8. each ____________
Ex.5 Underline the word in which the letter L or R is silent. 1. cold calm collect film 2. court correct curry diary 3. hurry hairy hungry hair 4. shoulder should sailor slow 5. follow fold folk file 6. artist arrow arrive around Vowels: Diphthongs [ıә], [εә], [uә]
Ex.6 Listen and repeat. [ıә]
beard ear deer clear Cheers!
Austria year
[εә]
pair square hairbrush where strairs
share fair
[uә]
poor moor cure Europe Urals
plural pure
Ex.7 Listen and repeat the words paying special attention to sounds [ıә], [εә].
Ex.8 Practise saying the tongue twisters.
Joining words In speech words are not separated, they are joined together. Sometimes it is difficult to say where one word finishes and the next word begins. For example, pets enter sounds the same as pet centre because the consonant [s] could be at the end of the first word or at the start of the second one. Listen to the examples. The phrases on the left sound the same as the phrases on the right. (B85)
pets enter pet centre stopped aching stop taking ice-cream I scream known aim no name called Annie call Danny clocks tops clock stops missed a night Mr. Knight
Normally, we know for a context what a word is. For example, these two sentences sound the same, but we know the first one is wrong because it has no sense.
It snow good. It’s no good.
Ex.9 What two words do you get if you move the consonant from the end of one word to the beginning of the next or vice versa? Complete the table. Think of sounds, not spelling. EXAMPLE cats eyes ó cat _ size _ 1. _____ able ó fell table 2. known you ó no ______ 3. cooks ______ ó cook steak 4. seen you ó ______ new 5. faced _____ ó face told 6. an ocean ó a ________ 7. stop _____ ó stopped earning 8. escaped error ó ______ terror 9. _______ cheer ó meant year 10. learn chess ó _______ ‘yes’
EXAMPLE It 1. Known uses good news, as they say. _______________ 2. Have you phone jaw parents this week? _____________ 3. I’ve never her July before. _______________ 4. I think I fell train; let’s go inside. ____________ 5. These ship steak cars across the river. ____________ 6. They join does for dinner. ______________ 7. We stop choosing the typewriter when we got the computer. _________
 Using high tones We usually use high tones when we give an opinion about something with a very strong adjective (for example, excellent) to show our strong feeling. If we use weaker adjectives (like nice), our voice does not usually go high. Listen and compare the voices of the man and woman telling their friend about their holiday. (C95)
Liz: So, how was your trip? Claire: Oh, it was nice. Paul: What do you mean, nice? It was brilliant! Liz: Good hotel? Claire: Quite pleasant, yes. Paul: Pleasant? It was excellent! Superb! Liz: How about the food? Claire: It was OK. Paul: OK? It was absolutely delicious! Liz: And the scenery? Claire: Quite pretty. Paul: It was amazing! Beautiful!
People often say a strong adjective with a flat voice to mean the opposite. For example, you could say ‘ brilliant’ with a flat voice after something bad happens. Listen and compare the pronunciation of this word in these two conversations. In the first one, the person really means it, in the second she doesn’t. (C96)
1. A: We’ve won a holiday for two in Jamaica! B: Brilliant!
Ex.11 Listen to the following conversation. What do Sue and Jim think about the people they are speaking about? Write the names in the correct column. (C97)
Sue: Jeremy is going to stay at the same hotel as us. Jim: Oh great!
Jim: Ann’s invited us to the party. Sue: Fantastic! Jim: Kathleen’s coming to stay with us for a few days. Sue: That’ll be fun!
Sue: Gail and Tim want to come on holiday with us. Jim: That’ll be nice!
Ex.12 The responses to the pairs of sentences a and b below are the same, but the speaker pronounces them differently. Draw lines to show if you think the voice will go high or be flat. Then listen and check. (C99) EXAMPLE
1. a. – Forget the beach; it’s raining again! b. - They say we don’t have to pay; it’s free! - Brilliant! - Brilliant!
2. a. – I got an A in the exam! b. – I’ve crashed the car again! - Well done! - Well done!
3. a. – I can count to three in German. b. - I learnt how to fly a plane while we were on holiday. - Amazing! - Amazing!
4. a. – We could pick fresh fruit off b. – We had a tiny bit of cheese on a dry, old the trees in the garden. piece of bread. - Delicious! - Delicious!
5. a. – Frank says he’ll take us to the airport. b. – The car’s broken down and there are no taxis. - Excellent! - Excellent!
JAZZ CHANTS Banker’s Wife’s Blues Where does John live? – He lives near the bank. Where does he work? – He works at the bank. When does he work? – He works all day and he works all night at the bank, at the bank, at the great big bank. Where does he study? – He studies at the bank. Where does he sleep? – He sleeps at the bank. Why does he spend all day, all night, all day, all night at the bank, at the bank? – Because he loves his bank more than his wife and he loves his money more than his life.
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Joy is at the boiling point!!!
ı] and write them in the correct part of the table.
Start
When we disagree, our voice often goes up at the end, so our opinion sounds unfinished and less strong. Listen to the rest of the conversation, notice how voices go up at the end of each line. (C88)
Ex.16 Complete each sentence with an ending from the box. Then decide if they are opinions or check questions and write (opinion) or (check) after each line. Then listen and check. (C93)
long – wrong 
light – right 
load – road 
glass – grass 
Lu’s absolutely lovely.
ear – air (fan) 
beer – bear 
pier – pear 
hear – hair 
tear – tear 
It’s late to tear your hair.
Ex.10 Think of a computer which people speak into and it writes what they say. This computer wrote the sentences below incorrectly. Correct the phrases that are wrong using the phrases in the box.
2. A: Our flight has been cancelled!
B: Brilliant!
a. – We had to stay in a five-star hotel. b. – We had to spend two days in the airport.
