с английского языка на русский
Exercise 1. economy – 1) экономика 2) экономия economic -экономический economical – экономичный, экономный
1. A major weakness of the UK economy at the present time is a shortage of skilled workers. 2. He is optimistic that the economy has bottomed out and is on the way to recovery. 3. The number of the economy rooms – costing $50 a night – is expected to grow 4% next year. 4. A container transport system was to be constructed in line with the requirements of the Hungarian economy. 5. Her protest that it wasn't really necessary or economical was dismissed. 6. He is a Eurosceptic who will not hasten economic and monetary union. 7. In the present economic climate it is doubtful if many lots were actually sold. 8. Such a big surplus strengthens the demand for the measures to get the economy expanding. 9. If the alarm gets no response, the timer goes ahead and switches off in theinterest of safety and economy. 10. He announced economic measures to resolve the problems of the fiscal deficit. 11. Many commentators identified him as a conservative and suggested that he was unenthusiastic about market economic reform. 12. The Declaration also talked of the need for sound economic management and the free flow of trade. 13. James Watt realised that steam engines couldn't create enough power to be truly economical. 14. A major economy all the women faced was a reduction in their social lives. 15. He told them that he would be asking for sacrifices to clean up the worst economic mess France had known since 1945. 16. He considered that employing headhunters was probably not economical. 17. He was a most economical man, and, like many of his generation, thought of taxis asan expensive luxury. 18. He had travelled aboard the same flight from Helsinki but in Economy Class. 19. If the bridge ceased to be economical as a business the owners would have to come to an arrangement with the council. 20. It is only more economical to buy paint in tins provided that you use it quickly, within weeks.
Exercise 2. industry - 1) промышленность 2) отрасль промышленности 1. The Treasury model of the economy distinguishes as many as 39 industries. 2. The graduates become successful in industry and business. 3. The aircraft industry has been expanding this year. The rate of expansion in the industry is estimated at 5%. 4. North Korea has a thriving industry devoted to copying Japanese films and music. 5. The difficulties in these industries were met by short-time working. 6. The German government has decided to make compulsory the recycling of much of the packaging used by industry and commerce. 7. Output of the British plastics industry has shown an average increase. Products of the industry are meeting the needs of the expanding economy. 8. In some industries the output continues to grow, in other industries the output stopped rising. 9. A levy on coal imported to power stations would provide the most effective means of giving the industry breathing space to adjust to changes in the energy market. 10. Pollution comes from a wide range of sources other than industry. 11. US publishers, film studios, software writers, and other copyright owners have calculated that their industries lose $827 m a year to Chinese pirates.
Exercise 3. facilities – средства обслуживания, услуги; возможности; мощности
1. In regular talks with IMF and World Bank on loan facilities China would have been encouraged to improve its central data collection and processing. 2. Business profited from the low interest rate on discount credit by making increased use of the facility. 3. New materials test facility. 4. The cyclotron was a research facility through into the 1980s, but was an expensive piece of equipment to have appeared in the 1950s. 5. After 1990, by law all new cars will have the facility to run on unleaded (gas). 6. The sector is highly dependent on credit facilities. 7. Sharply rising demand for Australian coal has left port facilities far behind. 8. Construction of the first container terminal at Brno, which has since expanded into a large, modern facility, began in 1973.
9. Norfolk Line has spent more than 8m pounds updating its trailer fleet and portfacilities. 10. Last November, David Mitchell opened a £750,000 extension to the terminal facility. 11. The facility for paying all your fees on one check proved quite popular last October. 12. California-based personal computer manufacturer Packard Bell Inc has established a headquarters facility in the Netherlands to handle manufacturing, distribution and service for its products throughout Europe. 13. Last year the majority of students did not take up their loan facility. 14. We realized that if our competitors were offering the facility and we weren’t it would score against us. 15. Much of Europe has already accepted the notion that any facility or service capable of generating cash-flow and profit is capable of being privatized. 16. The new facility can accommodate up to 330 residential and 300 visiting management trainees at any one time.
Exercise 4. plant and machinery, plant and equipment - здания, сооружения и оборудование; основной капитал (предприятия)
Exercise 5. little, few – мало; a little, a few – немного, несколько
1. List price evokes little more than knowing smiles from buyers. 2. This has been helped with a little bit of deregulation. 3. Time once was when central banks in poor countries were little more than official printing presses. 4. The Dow Jones Industrial average plunged 80 points in little more than an hour. 5. During the late 80s, a few of the most venturesome banks perfected a shiny new product. 6. The central bank could do little about it. 7. There is still little evidence that Japanese investors have increased their appetite. 8. It is evident that little progress can be expected before 2006. 9. Although the rate at which industrial activity is declining has slowed down a little, all the evidence points to the conclusion that the economy has certainly not reached “bottom”. 10. Under the circumstances few traders were able to pay an extra 50%. 11. Even though few companies are building major new manufacturing facilities in the US, more and more of them are starting investment programs to improve productivity. 12. In a technical sense, inflation – a sustained rise of prices – is always too much money chasing too few goods. 13. Few companies pay list price in periods of low inflation 14. A few executives are talking about the need to act. 15. Little wonder so many entrepreneurs and investors want to play the game. 16. Few, if any, of the changes are likely to stick. 17. In practice most analysts think little is likely to happen until after the US presidentialelections next year.
Exercise 6. while – 1) в то время как, пока; тогда как 2) хотя
1. While traditional price-cutting remains widespread, new forms of business-to-business (B-2-B) discounting are taking hold. 2. Imports would surge while exports stagnated, swelling Britain’s current-account deficit to unsustainable levels. 3. If the Emperor, while working late at night as he often did, wanted a book from his library, he had to take a lighted candle with him. 4. So while low share prices are great for cash-strapped banks, blue-chip companies aren’t happy with the low proceeds. 5. While the economists want to see their ideas in practice, they prefer voluntary rather than mandatory compliance. 6. He made sure his hands were dry too but while he wiped them he managed to drop the hat. 7. While the counter-attack worked, it carried a hefty price tag. 8. While the Japanese have finally passed a banking-reform program, there is no guarantee that it will work. 9. While priests ate chicken and drank wine, laymen fasted and went hungry. 10. While Congress has OK’ed additional funding for the IMF, that’s only one step toward ending the emerging-market crisis. 11. Sometimes the guests meet up while they (actors) are having their make-up done and it’s a great ice-breaker. 12. While drinking our essential morning tea and coffee we were lost in a sea of women in traditional dress with castanets. 13. The new systems replace Dell’s existing desktops and are priced lower than their predecessors while offering improved performance. 14. Accelerating economic and social change has left parts of the country hit hard by recession while elsewhere new patterns of prosperity are starting to emerge.
Exercise 7. once - 1) однажды 2) сразу после; как только
1. But sceptics note that the trade deficit shrank after the Plaza Accord in 1985 drove up the yen, only to soar once the currency weakened a bit. 2. Businesses are now able to respond quickly once they detect a change in demand. 3. Once established, such relationships are decisive in follow-up contracts. 4. So AT&T is trying to oust Mr.Exley and his board, which includes some of the people it once hoped would run its own computer business. 5. No one yet knows how workers will feel once subsidies end, especially since many took low-wage jobs. 6. Optimists say once prices stabilize, the deal flow will pick up. 7. It is difficult to imagine that this was once Britain’s first electric main line. 8. He is hoping that once Apple’s machines regain momentum in the education market, students will talk their parents into buying Macs for the home. 9. I had seen the woman of this tribe only once before. 10. Once in office, the Premier reversed some earlier austerity measures, spending more on crowd pleasers such as child benefits. 11. 1992 saw the return of a strong look, once created by the Punk movement. 12. Hafnia Holding which once controlled the country’s second-largest insurance group, filed for bankruptcy. 13. The discipline which once held the centrally planned system together, however imperfectly, has collapsed before markets have had time to develop. 14. The rug on the floor had once been in his father’s study. 15. Once war damage had been repaired, the rebuilding program gained momentum. 16. Once talks have started, it’s only a matter of time before Turkey fulfills Brussels’seconomic and political criteria and becomes a full-fledged member of the club.
Exercise 8. since – 1) с тех пор как 2) так как; поскольку
1. But the Fed Chairman has also been uncommonly lucky since there are currently few inflationary pressures. 2. Since Japanese car makers are still shifting production to America and Europe, this reduction will continue. 3. Since Mr.Tarring was appointed Chairman of Metal Bulletin, shares in the publishingand conference group have gained almost 65 %. 4. Since then, their fortunes have changed spectacularly. 5. Since young people tend to live at home until they get married, they have money tospend on food, fashion, and fun. 6. The rise in the number of bankruptcies is particularly worrying since it comes just one year after the government launched a ¥20,000 bn credit guarantee scheme. 7. French makers have had a love affair with diesel cars since the 1930s. 8. This was the shop which had been run by Aunt Emily ever since she was widowed. 9. Convertibility has limited the government’s control over monetary policy, since it has to hold a dollar in reserves for every peso in circulation. 10. All these taxes have been abolished since 1979. 11. Have you seen her since she left? 12. Since we came to the office, we have increased the funds available to the research councils. 13. Since interest rates are rising only because of strong growth, shares will still do well. 14. Investment banks have increased the size of their trading positions threefold or more since the autumn of 2002.
Exercise 9. unless – если не
1. Wealth doesn't buy you economic growth unless that wealth is used effectively. 2. There should be no devaluation of the pound unless there is a change in the way price levels are worked out. 3. There will be dole queues two million long unless there is a radical change in government policy. 4. Unless credit conditions change greatly, the production may fall further. 5. He chopped 40% of Daimler’s 500 executive jobs and told those remaining not to meddle in operating units unless they produce tangible benefits. 6. Unless we export more we shall go under in some markets. 7. Technical prowess won’t get you to the top unless you can express yourself in writtenor spoken words to a variety of audience. 8. Unless they make some payment on their original loans, they will not be eligible for further loans. 9. They fear that unless Britain’s IT producers improve, the country could be swampedwith electronics goods from abroad. 10. You have been so good to me that I would not leave, unless you require me to. 11. Israel refused to withdraw its armed forces from the area of Sinai unless and until Egypt would guarantee the integrity of their new common frontier. 12. I want to get those decisions as quickly as possible, but they must be the right decisions because unless they are, the future of British farming will be under a cloud.
Exercise 10. to enjoy – пользоваться; обладать, иметь
1. Dividends are often low or non-existent, when a firm is enjoying or about to enjoy fast growth. 2. UK companies enjoy a relatively accessible source of equity finance through the large amount of stock market capitalization. 3. France’s only probable land enemy, Germany, was certain to enjoy numerical superiority. 4. Both parties enjoy trust and respect for each other and feel a commitment to the ideal of Partnership. 5. All those people enjoy the right to have their future costs met by social security. 6. Companies that supple industrial goods markets enjoy one significant advantage over those that trade into consumer markets. 7. They advocated a new Yugoslav confederation in which Slovenia would enjoy full sovereignty and economic independence. 8. The “new sciences” have made possible the technological innovations we currently enjoy. 9. One of the appeals is to enjoy a wider choice. 10. Bush was enjoying unheard-of 90% approval ratings in early 1990. 11. Mr.Lickiss says that the programme does enjoy editorial freedom. 12. After six weeks in the job, Mr.Balladur continues to enjoy the confidence of over 70% of the electorate. 13. To continue with the EC example, countries from outside Europe enjoy a closer relationship as associate member countries than European countries belonging to the other major economic groupings. 14. The people of Northern Ireland will enjoy some of the best opportunities in the United Kingdom. 15. Japan seems at last to be enjoying a sustainable recovery. 16. The city enjoyed a period of nearly 1,300 years of continuous occupation, until it was raised to the ground in 1265.
Exercise 11. account – 1) счет, банковский вклад 2) мнение, отзыв, оценка 3) причина, основание to account (for) – 1) объяснять 2) отчитываться, давать отчет 3) приходиться на долю 4) нести ответственность
1. Low fat (низкокалорийный)hard and soft cheeses account for 8% of sales. 2. We see no way to account for this behaviour on the basis of trial-and-error learning (метод проб и ошибок) 3. In the US, the defense industries account for 44% of the country’s consumption of the metal. 4. American and European paintings, prints and sculptures, account only for a fraction of the museum’s 100,000 objects. 5. The company admits that it is disappointed with its returns from Spain, which have so far produced sales which account for just 3% of its European total. 6. In that month, forty thousand pounds was paid into Andrew Livesey’s capital account, and the loan repaid out of it. 7. Even if you open your account with just a few pounds, you can immediately begin to enjoy the benefits of a good rate on interest. 8. Olivetti, which supplies personal computers, expects Alpha and Intel Corp processors will each account for 35% of its hardware sales from 1995, computers will accountfor 20% and other products 10%. 9. The headmistress (директриса) was summoned to account for her actions, following a formal complaint. 10. In manufacturing alone, smaller firms account for one in three jobs and a quarter of the total output. 11. If you want proof, you can see my bank account and all my share-dealing records. 12. They make it difficult to hold management to account for their actions. 13. In 1991, services accounted for 7% of its revenues; today they are close to 30%. And because service margins are higher, they account for an even bigger share of profits. 14. This is especially important for the private sector, which accounts for a lot of Brazil’s external debt.
Exercise 12. credit - 1) кредит 2) честь, заслуга, похвала to give credit to somebody – отдавать должное к-л to deserve credit – заслуживать похвалы, чести to credit somebody with - ставить кому-либо в заслугу, приписывать кому-либо что-либо to somebody’s credit – делать честь кому-либо (к чьей-либо чести) 1. The government has provided substantial help for the areas in terms of greater access to credit and health care facilities. 2. Bank loans, and loans made by insurance companies, were not subject to credit legislation. 3. People stick to credit types they know from experience, rather than risk the worry and difficulties of dealing with unknown. 4. “I think you ought to give credit to your doctors”, she said gently. 5. The Type 35 Bugatti (a car) first appeared in 1924 and was to be credited with more than 2000 wins during its life-time. 6. Chen is credited with coining the term “people’s commune”, the now discredited model of huge collective farms that, according to Mao, would catapult China into a state of pure communism almost overnight. 7. Mrs.Haemaelaeinen, who has been a member of the Finnish central bank board, is credited with putting together a rescue package for commercial banks earlier this year. 8. Microsoft is credited with having the marketing clout. 9. This idea alone was credited with saving $3,500 a year. 10. He was credited with creating or saving 2,000 jobs in 116 enterprises. 11. Low-income families do not have access to credit at an acceptable price. 12. I think more important objective is to credit people for skill and knowledge they currently have. 13. This would allow money supply to be reduced without raising interest rates or having to resort to credit rationing. 14. The latter only applies to credit account holders. 15. Richard Schonberger, a Midwestern engineer by training, is credited with introducing the Japanese just-in-time system to US manufacturing. 16. It was a Dutch medical man who is credited with having discovered the first recipe for gin back in the 1600s. 17. Although his regime was credited with having introduced a degree of economic prosperity, it was widely criticized for its disregard for human rights. 18. He is still credited by many with a magic touch when it comes to monetary policy. 19. Give tech investors credit for one thing: they don’t give up. 20. To his credit, he has taken control of New York’s public school system. 21. Washington should give China credit for economic progress. 22. Does good Fed policy deserve credit for the unprecedented stability? 23. To his credit, Greenspan foresaw that information technology in the ‘90s was raising productivity levels. 24. If Greenspan deserves credit for the productivity-driven boom, he is also vulnerableto criticism for the bust in the tech and telecomsectors.
Exercise 13. fledgling – недавно созданная (компания), начинающий специалист, зеленый юнец
1. As a fledgling journalist on the Yorkshire Evening Post I had written one or two bits and pieces. 2. The agreement angered the Bush administration which was opposed to the government becoming a venture capitalist for fledgling companies. 3. The coach tries to add technique and confidence to fledgling players. 4. The congress adopted resolutions pledging aid for fledgling liberal parties in Eastern Europe. 5. President Reagan fought the guerillas in El Salvador and went on the counter-attack against Nicaragua’s fledgling revolution. 6. The end of the Cold War and the creation of a fledgling market economy in Russia present Britain with a great challenge 7. As well as simply receiving investment from abroad, these countries are also home to fledgling multinationals of their own. 8. The Board’s task would be to help fledgling media. 9. Its fledgling Instinet system already allows fund managers to trade share parcels direct with one another, eliminating the human broker. 10. For now, BBC sport and Britain’s fledgling satellite companies are the best of friends. 11. Some have a lower minimum investment level for fledgling Scottish businesses. 12. Fledgling industries in the developing world are very vulnerable to such New Age colonialism. Exercise 14. to allege – утверждать, заявлять (обыкнов. голословно) alleged - мнимый, якобы allegation -утверждение, заявление (голословное) allegedly - якобы 1. He went on to allege that the Liberal Democrats had received 15 times as much in donations. 2. At no time has any official or administrator had cause to allege we have done anything illegal. 3. A meeting allegedly took place between Nicholson, Hoffman and Henry Medlock. 4. Nothing is impossible and the more unlikely the allegation the more likely it is to be true. 5. A 33-year old artist, she was sentenced to imprisonment for carrying out activities allegedly benefiting North Korea. 6. He was alleged to have diverted public funds through front companies to himself and his friends. 7. It is extremely difficult to show a casual connection between the insider’s trades and the loss allegedly sustained. 8. Clinton’s second allegation is based on a very few isolated cases. 9. Anatoly Sobchak, a radical Congress deputy from Leningrad, alleged in the Congress on March 14 that Ryzhkov had personally signed the export license. 10. The US Justice Department filed criminal charges against the National Mortgage Bank of Greece for allegedly laundering $700,000,000. 11. The opposition continued to allege massive electoral fraud and to claim that the Social Democratic Front leader was the real winner. 12. The copy of the confidential Department of Trade and Industry report was leaked by officers of the Metropolitan fraud squad, it was alleged yesterday. 13. Its operations in Alaska have allegedly had a devastating effect on the local birds. 14. The book investigated the allegation that American prisoners had been left behind in Vietnam after the war had ended. 15. Astra’s former chairman alleged earlier this year that he and most of his fellow directors had been victimized and the firm sold off to protect dark secrets about arms for Iraq. 16. In May 1990 he suffered a broken leg when a car was allegedly driven into him near his home. 17. A mere allegation that the goods are his, without any attempt to show how they came on the premises, will not do. 18. Nowhere has President Clinton been so caustic as in his attacks on the pharmaceutical industry for its alleged fleecing of consumers. 19. Japan wants to resume discussions on the whereabouts of 10 Japanese citizens allegedly abducted to North Korea. 20. This allegation seems never to have been proved. 21. The evidence supplied did not support the allegation made. 22. An Algerian, charged by the US authorities with assisting in a terrorist bombing plot has provided details about the small network that allegedly planned the attack.
Exercise 15. сhallenge – вызов, сомнение, постановка под вопрос; чрезвычайно трудное задание, дело to challenge – бросать вызов, подвергать сомнению, ставить под вопрос to meet the challenge – принять вызов
1. There must be created a new and vibrant organization to meet the challenge of the twenty-first century and beyond. 2. To meet the challenge the public authority would have to be transformed into a public limited company. 3. Both the Warsaw Pact and NATO have changed since the 1950s, and other blocks havearisen to challenge them on a variety of strategic issues. 4. Is it possible to challenge the validity of an Act of Parliament in the courts? 5. Saddam is seen as the Third World leader who dared to challenge the established order imposed by the West. 6. They also enabled women to challenge male professional power. 7. They have done much to educate employers about the importance of training the workforce to meet the challenge of the 21st century. 8. We are confident that we can equip our pupils to meet the challenge that lies ahead. 9. Even before the General Strike there was evidence that trade union leaders were beginning to challenge the notion that wage reductions could solve Britain’s economic difficulties. 10. Designing a home for a growing family is quite a challenge. 11. It was a mammoth task, but Finniston considers that his scientific background fitted him well for the challenge. 12. “It was great honor and a great challenge ”, said Carol yesterday.
Exercise 16. to raise taxes (prices, wages, rates) – повысить налоги (цены, зарплату, ставки) НО
to raise money (cash, finance) – мобилизовать, привлечь денежные средства (наличность, финансовые средства)
1. But if that is not sufficient to reduce the deficit as much as you should, then there is no alternative but to raise taxes. 2. He is trying to sell off four building plots on his estate to raise the needed cash. 3. If you are in the position of selling a larger property and buying a smaller one, then you will not have to raise finance. 4. This may make it more difficult for these firms to raise finance in the future. 5. It’s pretty obvious that American producers are going to find it a lot easier to raisemoney than British producers. 6. I was doing a charity (благотворительный) show two weeks ago to raise money for our local scouts. 7. Jazz Against Apartheid is an organization launched early this year to raise cash for black South Africa. 8. Analysts worry that Japanese investors may be forced to sell some of their shares to raise cash. 9. It was about how difficult inventors find it to raise finance to bring their inventions tomarket. 10. The government’s choice of how to raise finance depends on its monetary policy. 11. It would be impossible to raise money without their help. 12. They are not in the position to raise taxes or print money. 13. On September 10, Bush presented a new economic package which included a proposal for large tax cuts and a promise not to raise taxes again “ever, ever”. 14. Bush attacked Clinton as being untrustworthy and for planning to raise taxes. 15. Some schools have started up businesses to raise money. 16. Have you had to raise money and implement plans? 17. Their ability to raise capital was tightly controlled. 18. The problem is that like most other private Russian companies, Anis finds it impossible to raise capital. 19. This factor may encourage building societies to seek corporate status since they willthen be able to raise capital on the open market. 20. Financial markets now expect the Fed to start raising rates this summer. 21. Both the Bank of England and the Reserve Bank of Australia have raised interestrates recently.
Exercise 17. to offset - 1) компенсировать 2) свести на нет
1. But the drop was more than offset by a 33% increase in sales to Europe. 2. Some buyers have offset higher rates by shifting from fixed-rate to adjustable- rate mortgages that usually have lower rates. 3. This growth rate meant high job creation, which offset rising productivity and brought down the rate of unemployment. 4. Recent wage hikes seem to be offset by productivity increases. 5. That allows employers to offset any wage increases with higher productivity. 6. The gain in exports was offset by expanding imports. 7. Export sales offset the slump on the domestic car market. 8. Strong imports from Britain, France and Italy to America offset falling exports to the rest of the world. 9. A slight increase in the share of exports of basic materials was offset by a lower proportion of fuel exports. 10. The increase in the import bill was offset by a substantial improvement in the tourist receipts. 11. For the 1984 - 1985 financial year as a whole, higher oil revenues are likely to be more than offset by higher expenditure.
Exercise 18. argue -1) спорить 2) аргументировать, приводить доводы argument -1) спор 2) аргумент arguably - несомненно
1. But Bankers Trust, arguably the preeminent bank in derivatives, has been the most vulnerable. 2. This time the bulls may have a better argument. 3. Many mutual-fund companies will fight the Fed’s suggestions arguing they could crimp the managers’ ability to run the fund. 4. Such arguments can overlook what hasn’t changed: human nature. 5. A Fed official argues that for every point that joblessness is below NAIRU for a year, inflation rises just a half-point. 6. Justice will argue that what is OK for most competitors to do is illegal when a monopoly does it. 7. Microsoft will argue that, despite its high share of the PC market, it’s not a monopolist. 8. That novel proved a point that he had been arguing for years: American fiction could portray the hectic complexities of contemporary social life. Some experts argue that advances in information technology have changed the life in cities. Exercise 19. the likely + существительное -вероятный возможный, подходящий, удовлетворительный, удобный, заслуживающий доверия likelihood – вероятность in all likelihood – по всей вероятности, по всей видимости
The Liberal Democrats have been conducting a national survey about the likely impact of the Government’s proposals for the health service. The question is important because it gives some clue as to the likely rise in the long-run house prices. First on the agenda of the new Minister is likely to be the future of the BBC, whose charter is due for renewal in 1996, during the likely lifetime of the new Government. Current product prices convey information to producers about the likely reward of manufacturing a particular product. In 1950 the likely future evolution of Japan was open to diverse interpretation. He prepared a report for the Council on the likely cost that would be involved in reorganising local government in Wales. The two men were to assess the likely future production and the number of pickmen to be employed. It’s necessary to evaluate the likely consequences for regional and local differences in economic and labor market performance. This should identify the likely benefits to KPMG. The likely job-losses result from the withdrawal of Government grant for the Chambers Street dental hospital and school. The likelihood is that after such a short time in Vienna, he will stay on there. There seems little likelihood that scientific experiments will be able to demonstrate the effectiveness of the medicine in the population as a whole. In a monopoly situation, the producer may be able to use his market power at the expense of the consumer, although the likelihood of this happening will be moderated if close substitutes for the product exist. In all likelihood it would have been considered by the Air Ministry with the many other schemes, from the possible to the ridiculous Although it cannot be proved, there is a strong likelihood that they were working at the old mine in the early part of the century. There was little likelihood that he would believe it. Their new transnational roles would naturally increase the likelihood that they would identify their interests with the global capitalist system. She cannot even begin to comprehend the frustration and despair of young people who can see no likelihood of ever finding meaningful employment. This reduces the likelihood of accepting a deal which, with hindsight, should have been rejected. A year form now, in all likelihood, the world will look back on the merely disappointing year of little or no growth in Britain and America. This difference may affect the stability of the employment, and the likelihood that it will generate further growth in the region concerned. The company told us that even if the package they put to us was accepted, there was a 90% likelihood of the plant closure by Christmas. Much of the political education of the 1970s in all likelihood differed very little from the best practices of the 1930s. One of the least realistic was an Iranian proposal, the implementation of which would in all likelihood have turned Afghanistan into a pro-Islamic state distanced from both East and West.
Exercise 20. so far -до сих пор, пока еще in so far as – насколько, поскольку thus far – до сих пор, пока
1. These contracts have only just started in Britain and so far people have treated them cautiously. 2. The work so far has limited itself to scientific and technical problems, neglecting political and legal issues. 3. Thus far, he hadn’t enjoyed any success. 4. Thus far the law is clear. 5. In so far as the government wants to have money to spend, it must be raised. 6. This problem has been carrying on for two months or more, and so far I have not found a successful treatment. 7. The international global warming treaty has so far been ratified by 31nations, out of 50 required for entry into force. 8. The “market egalitarianism” argument embodies the idea that all individuals in the market should be placed on an equal footing, in so far as that is possible. 9. The total value of sales is $80 million so far. 10. Without him, I don’t think I would have got so far in my career. 11. Stephen has shown himself capable thus far. 12. Accounting statements from the past were relevant only in so far as they provided some clue to future cash surpluses. 13. Thus far the situation is stable. 14. Nevertheless, in so far as changes in interest rates affect expectations, lower interest rates may still contribute to higher investment. 15. Thus far, the Commission has no funding for its project. 16. Thus far, only the largest dam, at Sardar Sarovar, has been half-completed. Exercise 21. given -учитывая, принимая во внимание, при (данных обстоятельствах) barring – за исключением, исключая, если не
Given the obsession with jobs and overseas “outsourcing”, Kerry suggests that government policy should encourage US companies to invest here, not abroad. Given the worries about deflation, many central bankers see a small acceleration inconsumer prices as a sign of success. Given the recent price rises in the world markets, the increase in the country’s trade deficit is sure to be very large. Given the prospect for demand and output, and given the continuing rapid rise of prices, it will be wrong to take any steps to stimulate the domestic economy. Given Italy’s profusion of stores, it is not surprising that chain outlets, which represent only 1% of all stores, have comparatively little impact. Prior to the onset of the drought, the government’s agricultural policy tried to discourage farmers from planting much land to soy beans given the depressed world markets. Given success on the above-mentioned points, it would be possible to approach the problem in a different way. The economic problem can be solved within a hundred years, given no wars and no large population increase. But given the lower rate of investment, the balance of payments came under periodic pressure. Given that protection is a symptom of a troubled economy, it is no surprise that the last year has seen the symptoms spread. Given enough time, the treaty might have become as successful as the Anglo-French commercial agreement of 1861. 12. Given these hurdles, it is surprising how well many of them have done. 13. This is unlikely given that most of the countries view the entry of the other two with even less enthusiasm. 14. Given the slow pace of evolutionary change, our preferences aren’t likely to fade in the foreseeable future. 15. Given the practical difficulties of the territory, a personal demonstration of reliability is important. 16. Given the weakness of the sector, analysts doubt there will be a stampede to buy shares in any of the three banks. 17. A Japanese government’s spokesman said that given continued parliamentary stalemate, a stopgap budget of at least 30 days is unavoidable. 18. Given the challenges that Ikea faces, Komprad’s eventual retirement is a pressing issue. 19. Although it’s a difficult step to take, it is one that, given the realities, we must do. -------------------------------------------- Barring market collapse, they should retain their premium. Barring any unforeseen epidemic, we’re not likely to be rushed off our feet. His back is broken, and, barring a miracle, he’s crippled for life. Barring injury, Wharton (football player) should be clear to defend his title on April 8. If they’d like to come to the fire station, barring fire calls, they are more thanwelcome to. Barring poor climatic conditions, such as a shortage of rainfall, this year’s harvest of fruit and vegetables across the country is expected to be excellent. Barring the most unforeseen circumstances, the accounts for the current year will show further progress. Barring strong headwinds, the plane will arrive on schedule. Barring mishaps, he can expect to see out the remainder of his two-year term as prime minister. Government would benefit if, barring accidents, Secretaries of State remain with their departments for longer. Barring wars and acts of God, it would be a front-page headline on Monday. The young working-class man in industrial employment could expect his income to reach its peak in early manhood and stay constant thereafter, barring disasters such as unemployment. Barring a last-minute volte-face (полное изменение позиции) by the Ministry of Defense, the aircraft will then be at the mercy of the highest bidder, who might just be a scrap dealer. I’m here for three weeks barring accidents or terminal boredom. Barring a resolution of the East German wage situation, the next cut in rates may be at least a couple of months off.
Exercise 22. for -1) предлог: «в течение (какого-то) времени» союз: «так как», «потому что», «ибо»
That is surprising enough given that he is a journalist, for who, after all, trusts that breed? Historians are particularly adept at strategy, for they can draw their principles and lessons from hundreds of years of experience. Wouldn’t it be natural to credit Fed policy for the behaviour of the economy changed in a way central bankers have long sought? It is driven by competition, for necessity has always been the mother of invention. They (pictures) proved too exotic for Parisians, in public at least, for Matti had already sold a third of his catalogue in the privacy of his gallery. Sometimes she felt she was in danger of neglecting the rest of her pupils for though her voice continued to drone on she was in reality watching Paula. In both cases popular music is located within a larger field, for in both cases the nature of popular music is established through comparison with something else. His pose as a victim was utterly essential to his own sense of being for unlike Lewis he seldom enjoyed the friendship of his contemporaries.
Exercise 23. far from (doing)something – далеко не; вместо того, чтобы; не только, но и far from it – отнюдь нет He himself was feeling far from good that day. It was, of course, far from being his only achievement. But it’s far from the only service we offer you. But his answers are far from satisfactory. And although the housing market is far from booming today, business hasn’t suffered unduly, thanks to its good reputation among homebuyers. Far from realizing $100m which was originally talked of, the sale may now fetch as little as $6m. But the battle is far from won. This is not to suggest that English villages are currently hotbeds (очаг, рассадник) of social unrest, far from it. Indeed, it was far from clear how the abolition of these authorities would save money. But far from alerting people to the danger of environmental degradation, the theory was completely neglected. He has carried out extensive research into tie wearing and has discovered that, far from being viewed as a current trend, the tie is considered an essential item in a man’s wardrobe.
Exercise 24. for all + существительное, for all that– несмотря на, и все же for better or worse – так или иначе
For all Mr.Greenspan soothing words, banks have suffered. For all the surface change that accompanied the industrialization of Prussian andGerman society the social and political pressures remained uniform and constant. For all its efforts to make good the loss of over 100 years, Poland was not invited to join the club of industrialized nations. But for all that, they are only parts of the political system. Yet for all her passionate dedication to public service she also knew how to enjoy herself as an elderly lady was often seen at the gaming tables of Monte Carlo. For all that it was a truly wonderful job. For all its shoddiness (претенциозность), people flocked there, day and night. For all their differences on outlook, Jane forged a secure bond with Laura. For all its many travels, the Cup itself is in perfect shape without a single scratch upon it For all his incompetence in wartime, Hoover was now settled in the Washington game. For all the gloom in the property market, there remains an insatiable demand for old buildings to restore. For all his wealth, title and position, Stephen was still rather in awe of Tamar’s father. It was as if the sun has suddenly come out and for all his age and infirmity (слабость), Lovat caught his breath. For all these variations, working class people appear consistently drawn towards the politics of the middle classes. The British, he felt, for all their supposed superiority, were marked by insularity (ограниченность), and were by European terms quite backward, culturally. For all its pretensions to science, advertising was still a service business. For all their similarities, Microsoft and Nokia differ in one crucial aspect. For all the talk about strategic partners, only two things are pushing big companiestoward each other. For all the rhetoric of a “classless society”, the reality remains of a nation in which inherited wealth and privilege matter far more. For all my art, it could tell me only one thing – that no one could restore it to its place. It is a slogan which, for all its rhetorical flourish and historic associations, has neverbecome a part of the law in Britain. For all its problems, Japan’s sophisticated economy is bigger than South Korea's. For all their affluence, his chief characters hunger for a code of conduct that will make sense of their lives. For all its success, Dell has had little experience with these marketing ploys.
Exercise 25. after all – в конце концов, все же, ведь
After all, they now had no income After all, paying for something that does not work is presumably more likely to produce frustration than receiving the same ineffective “carefree”. After all, unless we can show that we are able to do better with the totality of the sums, and the totality of the business, why should any shareholder believe that we know better how to deal with his money? After all he is no more than the chief executive officer of government, its province is not to make but to execute the law. After all, it’s in their interests to keep you going –if you are pushed into total insolvency you become a worse debt to them. After all, even the official sales pitches were often so uninformative, or too ill-spelt and ungrammatical to be of much use. After all, Western countries had earlier supported Iraq in the war with Iran, even though it was started by an illegal Iraqi act of aggression. Technology made it possible, for after all the major means of transporting bulk produce over long land distances, the railroads, was hardly available before the 1840s. After all, we all do want to live in safer cities, and we all do want employment and material affluence. The Bangles were, after all, a hot money-spinner for the big corpos. DEC after all is a Boston company, and Boston has a large populationthat traces its roots back to Ireland. Branson, after all, owned 85% of Virgin. After all, the poverty of older people has been recognized by both official and independent research for over 100 years. After all it was the family money. This, after all, is a program designed to cut the US budget deficit and boost the economy. Soon, after all, some 700 European countries will be using International Accounting System (IAS)
Miscellaneous Few economies in the world can have been subject to such external shocks this year as Argentina’s. But officials believe that emerging market economies have precious control over monetary policy. The country is thought to be concerned that lower rubber prices could further damage its weak economy. It has been a major negative and one of the main reasons why the market has slowed down considerably. On the one hand, they were already pretty lean and so there were no new major benefits to be gained from cutbacks. The critical test of just how good monetary policy has been may be still to come. China’s state banks were officially said to have bad loans equaling about 25% of the total, equivalent to some $200bn. The mood of the meeting was said to be very constructive, with a great deal of unstructured debate. China has yet to signal its preparedness to begin detailed talks on a series of EU market access. It could well steal more business from Hong Kong. In order to bring Spanish interest rates into line with those in the euro area, at least one more cut rate by the Bank of Spain is expected. By yearend, the US alone will have seen nearly $1.3 trillion in mergers. He has embarked on an even more ambitious crusade that has anti-trust lawyers again predicting failure. For all his professional moderation, Bayer has often gone out on legal limbs. He taught them how to bend over backward for customers and paid them well once they learned the ropes. The industry argues that relief is particularly necessary because the weakness of the Brazilian and Chilean currencies means Argentina has lost some competitiveness. Whatever the role of the banks in the downturn, analysts agree that the banks are highly liquid and well positioned to step up lending as the economy shows further signs of recovery. Some analysts have even begun to question the long-term viability of the industry in Argentina, with its fixed exchange rate, given the huge price advantages of its giant neighbour (country). At least 40% of the parts used to manufacture a car in Argentina must be made in the country for it to be considered locally produced. The IFO index (an important indicator of the outlook for growth in the euro-zone as a whole) survey of West German business conditions saw its highest monthly rise in more than three years. The Paris-based OECD was understood to have complained to Madrid about the leak, which went against “standard practices”. The other good news is that its market is growing too big and diverse for any company to dominate. Baan (the Dutch software giant) may well emerge from this takeover stronger than ever. The size and geographic spread of recent mega-mergers makes them hard for one leader to manage. Far from fending, the two became partners. We can’t let them have an eternal poison pill. Yet companies like General Motors Corp. are still plunging ahead with billion-dollar investments, despite cars being more expensive now in China than in the rest of the region. Taiwan’s biggest computer product makers, after all, have small foreign debts and are enjoying steady business. At stake is nothing less than a battle over which type of software might prevail in the 21st century. European competition will increase, not least because the euro should lead to greater liberalisation in Europe’s capital. But if and when it wants to do a deal for shares, London-listed paper is likely to prove far more acceptable to most international investors than Johannesburg-listed paper. A legal dispute over land rumbles on, and many of its older staff are said to be leaving. Hopes that an unintended ban would be lifted by the end of this year have yet to be fulfilled. Far more fanciful are reports of a Ford-Fiat linkup, which Ford denies. Indeed, Fed Chairman Alan Greenspan is said to believe that there’s no evidence that underlying productivity growth is slowing. All told, the high-tech boom is cutting one half percentage point or more off inflation. To sustain growth, companies will have to push hard on boosting productivity, rather than adding workers. You are trying to imagine the “what ifs”. First-half spending will approach, and possibly exceed, the fastest two-quarter growth rate in a decade. It is expected to have cut it (the price) further by the end of the year. His woes could grow even worse if AOL stock keeps falling, perhaps putting the deal in jeopardy. But barring that, Turner may be looking for new world to conquer. He’ll have his work cut out for him now, with the new merger ushering in a whole new set of personal tensions and corporate culture clashes. He (Bill Gates) talked enthusiastically about how much he was relishing the firm’s biggest challenge yet: marshalling all its resources to produce a new bet-the-company generation of software. It also makes sense for the company to own movies, music, and magazine articles – so it can milk online consumers for plenty of bucks. Once the Internet gets faster and more ubiquitous, it’s reasonable to think that the mammoth new company might indeed make a mint from its media properties. With his high-decibel, hit-‘em-again ethic, Ballmer has already put his imprint on the company. But sizable deals, shaped by local conditions, may well be hastened by the American example. The head of the National Bureau of Statistics warned that officials caught cooking the books will face stiffer penalties and could get sacked. The Group of Seven meeting that takes place in Tokyo, is shaping up as an us- or rather US-versus- them event. Suspicion is rising among the US officials that their European counterparts are turning a blind eye to the weakness of euro, which makes European exports to the United States cheaper. Growers who overproduced paid few penalties because the national wine co-operative took the responsibilities for selling all the surplus. The Japanese are well aware they are in a deep soup, but the soup is largely the well-cooked stock of their embedded culture. Japan’s failure to open its economy and bend to US ways is not a product of willful Japanese stubbornness, much less a national failure to recognize that serious changes in their economy are needed. The new European investor is young, more informed, technologically literate, risk-aware and performance hungry. US banks pose a challenge because their approach is more modern, more in sync with the active investor. Mexico, the other major country for Latin American investors, benefited from its ties to the robust US economy, falling interest rates and signs of renewed consumer spending, reflected in stocks such as Cifra SA, the large discount retailer, which soared 65%, most of it in the last quarter. Instead, he found big winners in Turkish bank stocks, whose share prices rocketed as interest plunged to a mere 40% from more than 100%, and talks got underway with the International Monetary Fund on how to banish hyperinflation permanently. Lawrence Summers, US Treasury Secretary, yesterday renewed his offensive against what he called “complacency of diminished expectations” in both Europe and Japan. His message was that reform to remove structural obstacles to growth was needed in both Europe and Japan – and that policy-makers in those countries should us
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