ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Поскольку мы приближаемся к концу столетия и готовимся вступить в новую эру, необходимо прояснить ряд имплицит­ных положений

 

Поскольку мы приближаемся к концу столетия и готовимся вступить в новую эру, необходимо прояснить ряд имплицит­ных положений, определяющих психологию как научную дисциплину. Одно из таких имплицитных положений — убежденность в том, что индивид является центральной единицей общества, представляя собой самодостаточную автономную сущность.

Человекоцентрированная теория с момента своего созда­ния базируется на этом основополагающем допущении. Действительно, уникальность человекоцентрированного подхода заключается в акцентировании им субъективной природы индивидуального опыта, самоактуализации и спо­собности людей к самоуправлению. Представление о способ­ности человека реализовать свои возможности, о его умении самому определять направление процесса самоактуализа­ции — наиболее важные аспекты данной теории. Даже в со­циальных вариантах этой теории каждый индивид остается тем центром, посредством которого предполагается дости­жение социальных перемен.

Однако развитие глобально взаимосвязанной мировой системы в эпоху постмодернизма требует существенного пересмотра способа теоретического осмысления Я. Господ­ствующее здесь понятие Я определяет его как монокуль­турное, монотеистическое, аналитическое, рациональное, индивидуалистическое, индивидоцентрированное, эгоцентрированное Я, а также как централизованная равновесная структура, буржуазная и пустая.

Критика индивидоцентрированной модели Я ведется с разных позиций. Среди них — феминистские и постфеми­нистские воззрения; критическая теория; деконструктивизм; социальный интеракционизм; достижения в естественных науках в рамках холизма, теории поля, общая теория систем и единая теория поля; достижения в социологии, а также со­циальной, кросс-культурной и даже традиционной психоло­гии; культурная и психологическая антропология; транскуль­турная психиатрия; разного рода варианты этнопсихологии.

Альтернативная модель изменяет понятие Я как обособ­ленной, ограниченной и противопоставленной миру данно­сти. Предполагается, что энергия и способность к контролю концентрируются по большей части не внутри Я, а в поле сил, в котором существует индивид. Это «новое» понятие Я определяется так же, как социоцентрическое и органическое, биполярное, общественное, открытое, объединенное, поли­теистическое, плюралистическое, холистическое и диалоги­ческое Я, а также как децентрализованная неравновесная структура.

Главная задача, с которой столкнулось человечество, — это создание нового понятия Я, лучше приспособленного (неже­ли модель, предлагаемая современной психологией) к тому, чтобы справляться с проблемами глобального общества эпохи постмодернизма. Вопрос о том, сможет ли человекоцентрированная теория справиться с пересмотром своего индивидоцентрического подхода к Я, остается пока открытым.

 

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