Примечания. У бактерий этот процесс называется конъюгацией

У бактерий этот процесс называется конъюгацией. При этом две клетки вступают в контакт и часть генетического материала из одной клетки ("мужской") переносится в другую ("женскую"), - Прим. ред.

Умеренные бактериофаги инфицируют бактериальную клетку, но не вызывают ее гибели. - Прим. ред.

РНК, в отличие от ДНК, вместо дезоксирибозы содержит рибозу. - Прим. ред.

Этот фермент называется РНК - полимераза. - Прим. ред.

В ДНК вместо урацила содержится тимин. - Прим. ред.

У - обозначение урацила. - Прим. ред.

Сидерофоры (греч. sideros - железо и phoros - несущий) - синтезируемые многими микроорганизмами низкомолекулярные вещества разной химической структуры, которые эффективно связывают железо. - Прим. ред.

ДНК - полимеразы. - Прим. ред.

РНК - полимеразы. - Прим. ред.

Топоизомераза. - Прим. ред.

Профаг - геном умеренного бактериофага, встроенный в бактериальную хромосому. Это латентная (скрытая) неинфекционная форма бактериофага. Он реплицируется одновременно с репликацией бактериальной хромосомы. - Прим. ред.

Включение этих процессов на полную мощность возможно только при условии отсутствия глюкозы. - Прим. ред.

Метильная группа - соединение одного атома углерода с тремя атомами водорода (СН3). - Прим. ред.

Метилирование ДНК - присоединение метальной группы к цитозину - модификация молекулы ДНК без изменения нуклеотидной последовательности. - Прим. ред.

Charles Darwin. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.

Палеонтологическая летопись - расположение остатков животных и растений, населявших Землю в прежние геологические эпохи, в осадочных пластах земной коры. Их последовательность позволяет вывести точный порядок филогенетического развития животных и растений. - Прим. ред.

Экспрессия генов - процесс передачи генетической информации, закодированной в ДНК, через РНК к белкам. - Прим. ред.

Дарвин Ч. Происхождение видов путем естественного отбора, или Сохранение избранных пород в борьбе за существование. Пер. К. А. Тимирязева. - М: Терра - Книжный клуб, 2009. - Прим. ред.

Кропоткин П. А. Взаимная помощь среди животных и людей как двигатель прогресса. - М: Либроком, 2011. - Прим. ред.

Промотор - участок оперона, расположенный между оператором (регуляторным участком, с которым связывается репрессор, препятствуя началу считывания гена) и структурными генами; отвечает за инициацию считывания гена. - Прим. ред.

Диаграмма Венна - схематичное изображение всех возможных пересечений нескольких (часто трех) множеств. - Прим. ред.

Бактериальные маты - сложные многовидовые и многослойные сообщества микроорганизмов. Играют большую роль в экстремальных экосистемах. Часто встречаются на дне водоемов или в прибрежной зоне.

Аэробные бактерии. - Прим. ред.

Системы секреции белков во внешнюю среду у бактерий отличаются механизмом доставки белковых молекул наружу. Секреторная система III типа доставляет их прямо в клетку - мишень через шприцеподобную структуру, состоящую из различных белков. - Прим. ред.

Конвергенция - эволюционный процесс, при котором возникает сходство между организмами различных систематических групп, обитающих в похожих условиях. - Прим. ред.

Соматостатин - гормон, синтезируемый поджелудочной железой и гипоталамусом. Подавляет секрецию ряда гормонов (в том числе и гормона роста), а также различных гормонально активных пептидов (в частности, инсулина). - Прим. ред.

Существуют так называемые нестандартные аминокислоты, обнаруженные в составе белков, которые не входят в список встречающихся у всех живых организмов 20 аминокислот; к примеру, к ним относятся 21–я и 22–я аминокислоты - селе- ноцистеин и пирролизин. - Прим. ред.

В декабре 2010 г. группа Кристофера Войта объявила о создании E. coli, способной "выполнить" на генетическом уровне логическую функцию NOR ("не - или"), и о возможности соединения колоний E. coli в различные пространственные конфигурации, выполняющие другие стандартные логические операции. В октябре 2012 г. они получили клетку E. coli, способную не только выполнить логическую операцию AND ("и"), но и "обработать" четыре разных химических входных сигнала и "выдать сообщение" в том и только в том случае, если на все четыре входа подана "логическая единица". - Прим. пер.

Группа, которую раньше относили к растениям и называли сине - зелеными водорослями, теперь переименована в цианобактерии и относится к классу Oxyphotobacteria, так как они имеют типичные прокариотические клетки. - Прим. ред.

Белки, контролирующие процесс синтеза мРНК (транскрипцию) путем связывания с определенными участками ДНК. - Прим. ред.

Американцы давно окрестили пищу, приготовленную из генно-модифицированных продуктов, едой Франкенштейна - Frankenfood. - Прим. ред.

Герберт Уэллс. Остров доктора Моро. Пер. Н. Морозова. - М: Молодая гвардия, 1956. - Прим. ред.

Экранизация (1971) одноименного научно-фантастического романа американского писателя Майкла Крайтона, опубликованного в США в 1969 г.

Результаты эксперимента Labeled Release, предусматривавшего "подкормку" марсианского грунта питательными веществами, помеченными радиоактивным углеродом, и регистрацию углекислого газа, содержащего изотоп 14С, были неоднозначными. Его постановщик Джилберт Левин до сих пор убежден в том, что их следует считать положительными и что бактериальная жизнь в районах посадки "Викингов" была найдена. - Прим. пер.

Это был период резкого сокращения финансирования космической программы, а из оставшихся средств значительная доля пошла на создание системы Space Shuttle. К исследованиям Марса США вернулись лишь в конце 1980-х гг., и сейчас реализуется этап поиска материальных свидетельств когда-то существовавшей на этой планете жизни. - Прим. пер.

Стерилизация космического аппарата - сложная и дорогая процедура. Посадочные зонды проходят обеззараживание до различного уровня, в зависимости от того, насколько запланированный район приземления считается пригодным для жизни. Орбитальные аппараты, не предназначенные для спуска на планету, подвергаются стерилизации в меньшей степени: считается, что нахождение на орбите в течение десятилетий надежно уничтожит привезенные с Земли микроорганизмы. Сказанное относится и ко всем советским орбитальным аппаратам, ни один из которых не рухнул на Марс раньше ожидаемого срока. - Прим. пер.

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