MANAGEMENTManagement is the art of getting things done through other people. It includes the personnel who have the right to make decisions that influence company's affairs. The main thing is to get a result. In summary, a manager is anyone, at any level of the organization, who directs the efforts of other people wherever a group of people work together to achieve results, a manager is usually present. A manager is the catalyst who makes things happen. There are three management levels: top management, middle management and operating management. Top management includes the president, vice presidents, and the general manager. Middle management includes department managers and plant managers. Middle managers are managers above the supervisory level but subordinate to the firm's most senior executives. Operating management includes supervisors, foremen, etc. Operating managers are persons who directly oversee the efforts of those who actually perform the work. The most important responsibility of any manager is decision making. Most of the decisions are made by middle management. Top executives provide cross-communication throughout the company. They work out the overall strategy and make main decisions. Successful management is a skill of choosing from alternatives. Decision makings are divided into: recognizing the problem, defining and analyzing the problem, evaluating alternative solutions, choosing the most favourable solution and implementing the approach chosen. Management functions are planning, organizing, directing, controlling, staffing and innovating. It should be noted that successful management is based on three basic elements: leadership, motivation and communication. To operate a successful business one should have management skills ТЕСТ ПО ТЕКСТУ Выберите правильный ответ и переведите предложения на русский язык. 4.1. What kind of managers does middle management include? a) General manager and supervisors B) Vice president and plant managers c) Department managers and plant managers 4.2. Who is responsible for decision making? a) General manager b) Operating management c) Any manager 4.3. What are the top management functions? a) Working out the strategy and making main decisions b) Working out new technologies c) Only issuing instructions and supervising 4.4. What are basic elements of successful management? a) controlling and staffing b) motivation, communication and leadership c) implementing the approach chosen 4.5. What kind of people should come instead of unsuccessful managers? a) People with all-round education b) People with original thinking, more expertise c) People with investment fund ВАРИАНТ № 5 I. Выберите правильный ответ, обращая внимание на видовременную форму и залог сказуемого, и переведите предложения на русский язык.
1.1. It is known that the majority of regions … constantly the Federal center for financial assistance. a) begs b) have begged c) are begging 1.2. The prices … by supply and demand. a) were determined b) determine c) are determined 1.3. The situation in low-income countries … since 1965. a) has improved b) is improving c) was improved 1.4. The precious metals … first as money on the basis of weight. a) were using b) were used c) had used 1.5. The government … all resources allocation decisions in the Soviet Union. a) was made b) made c) had made II. Выберите правильный ответ, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 2.1. The rate of unemployment is too high. The government … ignore it. a) may not b) cannot c) needn’t 2.2. Even at zero output level a firm … pay some costs. a) has to b) may c) are to 2.3. You … attend this seminar. You are very busy with the company’s annual account. It is more important. a) needn’t b) mustn’t c) aren’t to 2.4. The Meeting of Shareholders … begin in an hour. Don’t forget statistic data on company’s profits and losses. a) was able to b) is to c) have to 2.5. As the firm didn’t trust the partner it … sign a contract with them. a) weren’t allowed to b) cannot c) wasn’t able to III. Выпишите предложения, в которых причастие I является обстоятельством, и переведите их на русский язык. 3.1. The persons forming a company are required to submit several documents to the Registar of Companies. 3.2. Making a decision, the economist should rely on all the information that he can find. 3.3. At present we are recruiting a new sales director. 3.4. In developing countries, labour efficiency is too low in agriculture to hope for an increase in food supply in the near future. 3.5. Money is essential in economy, serving as a means of exchange.
IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст, затем выполните тест по тексту:
The UK government measures against economic decline We live in a world of change so at that any moment of time there will always be some industries in decline, but others will be growing. A declining industry, therefore would present no serious economic problems if labour and capital were extremely mobile; resources could move from declining to expanding industries. Economic growth demands large expenditures on research and development, but this involves great risks, especially in the development stage. The development of the industrial process may cost ten or twenty times as much as the original research. The government also operates its own research and development institutions, and several government agencies exist to offer advice and help firms introducing new technology (i.e. for innovation). In recent years the government has provided financial assistance towards the costs of developments in micro-electronics, office automation, computer-aided design, robots and aerospace. Financial support for innovation is available for all firms, both large and small. It is believed that the UK's economic growth and ability to compete in world markets depends very much on the existence of a skilled and adaptable labour force. Even when unemployment was very high during the 1980s, several sectors of industry were reporting serious shortages of particular types of skilled labour. This was one of several indications that the UK's training effort was lagging behind those of some other industrialized countries. The government has responded to this problem by greatly extending the facilities for training. The government takes an interest in industrial performance in many other ways. It has played a leading role in the development of management education and took the initiative in setting up the British Institute of Management. It provides a wide range of services to assist exporters most notably with the Export Credits Guarantee Department which, by providing a kind of insurance against the possibility of default by overseas buyers, reduces the risks attached to trading overseas. Many authorities hold the view that the relatively slow growth of productivity in British industry was at least partly due to constant changes in government economic policy which, by creating uncertainty, made firms very cautious about embarking on expensive modernization programmes. In the 1960s the government attempted to deal with this problem by setting up some machinery to assist with long-term planning. It established the National Economic Development Council with members drawn from the trade unions, the employers, and the government. Its task is to propose measures which would remove obstacles to economic growth and improve Britain's economic performance. Its proposals aim to provide some basis for the government's economic policies, and the setting out of its findings, it is hoped, will encourage industry to frame appropriate development plans.
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