Дайте английские эквиваленты русских слов в скобках.

1. The computers are the (высокоскоростные электройные) machines.

2. First they were (спроектированны) for (решения) math­ematical problems.

3. The computers have created now a new field of science - (кибернетику).

4. Cybernetics studies general principles of control both in life and (не жизненными) systems.

5. The (алгоритмы) worked out for employment in control machines are called (прграммами).

6. These programs are based on (подразделение) of the (вычислительного) process into simple arithmetical op­erations and on (решение) of the logical operations.

7. The program must be (закодирована) or expressed in the (принятой кодовой) system.

8. One of the computer systems requires more complicated logical (электрическая схема).

9. The second system is (спроектирована) to control (от­дельные, особые) processes and is more easily operated and (дешевле).

10.Some control computers are manufactured for (специ­альных) industrial (единицу). They have shown their (эффективность) и (достаточную надежность).

11.Electron (цифровые) computers perform (как арифме­тические, так и логические) operations.

5) Выразите своё согласие или несогласие со следующими утверждениями:

1.The computers control...
a) life systems;
h) non-live systems.

2.Cybernetics is a new field of science for...

a)controlling automatic industrial processes;

b)studying problems of transmission of information.

3.Algorithms are used in...

a)controlling of information flows;

b)controlling of machines.

4.Algorithms are...

a)programs;

b)arithmetical operations.

5.The first system of computers has...

a)a very complicated logical circuitry;

b)a very simple circuitry.

6.The second system of computers is...

a)low-cost;

b) more easily operated;

c) used for specific industrial units;

d) not very efficient.

6) Определите типы придаточных предложений, задай­те вопросы к ним и к главной части предложений.

1.General-purpose control machines that may have much wider application require more complicated logical cir­cuitry.

2.Modern microcomputer techniques which utilize special purpose machines are designed to control a particular process.

 

What Is a Computer?

A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores.

The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one of two possible stales, that is, on or off; magnetized or demagnetized.

The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters, and characters.

The basic Idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or that magnetize or do not, magnetize the cores

The basic job of computers is the processing of Information.

For this reason, computer can be defined as devices which accept information in the form of instructions called a program and characters called data, perform mathematical and/or logical operations on the info nation, and then supply results of tliese operations.

The program, or part of it which tells the computers what to do and the data which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.

Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers.

However, most computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities.

First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplica­tion and exponentiation.

Second, computers have a means of communicating with the user.

After all, if we couldn't feed information in and get results back, these machines wouldn't be of much use.

However, certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, ets.

Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals, diskettes, disk and magnetic tape.

The computer's Input device (which might be a disk drive or tape drive depending on the medium used in inputting information) reads the Infonnation into the computer.

For outputting information, two common devices used are a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a cathode-ray-tube (CRT) display screen which shows (he result on a TV -like screen.

Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions.

The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make axe not of the type: "Who would win a war between two countries?' or 'Who is the richest person in the world?'.

Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely: Is one number less than another? Axe two number equal? and is one number greater than another?

A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds, even thousands, of logical decisions without becoming tired or bored.

It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction of the time It takes a human being to do the job.

A computer can replace people In dull routine tasks, but it has no originality; It works according to the instructions given to It and cannot exercise value judgments.

There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical brain but Its achievements are limited by the minds of human beings.

A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives it the appropriate information; but be­cause electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetic-logical opera­tions almost instantaneously.

A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be dead long before the job was finished.