Kx. 3. Translate from English into Russian

there are a number of competing theories; the exercise of ■(nature judgment' and 'enlightened conscience'; this view had sirongly elitist implications; a clear guidance or instructions; a L.nduit conveying the views of others; to exercise one's own iiulyement or preferences; politicians are bound as closely as possible in the views of the represented; delegation stops short of direct democracy; to provide vision and inspiration; to outline policies or piogrammes; habitual allegiances and social conditioning; ■[epresentative cross-section'; to constitute a microcosm of the larger uHiety; in terms of social class, gender, religion, ethnicity, age;..mxtituencies may be set aside for candidates from particular Kii kgrounds.

I\. 4. Translate from Russian into English

Теории основываются на идеологических и политических предположениях (посылках); возложить ответственность; послу­жить основанием для суровой критики; массы невежественны, ч юхо образованны и находятся в заблуждении; сложные поли-

тические и экономические проблемы; сделать правильные мо­ральные выводы; воспользоваться свободой действия; преследо­вать свои собственные корыстные цели; подмена демократии; право отозвать (депутата); верховная власть народа (суверени­тет); способствовать возникновению конфликта; ограничить возможности для лидерства; рациональные и хорошо информи­рованные избиратели; ряд нерациональных факторов; представ­лять микрокосм общества; явиться причиной целого ряда про­блем; безразличный; устанавливать квоту.

Ex. 5. Fill in the blanks in column 'A' with the topical vocabulary units from column 'B\ making all necessary changes

B. a. constituents, polling stations b. trust

с the Trusteeship Council

d. to adjust e. to endorse f. identical

g. to call in evidence

h. evidence, to breed

1. One of the main UN bodies is...

2. On election day all... are requested to come to their... and vote for their candidates.

3. The back side of a US dollar coin says «In God we...».

4. The main witness was...

5. Both delegates came out with quite... suggestions.

6. The UN Security Council shall... all conflicts in a peaceful way.

7. The manifesto... by a two/thirds majority of all those present.

i. to cause

j. advantage

8. There is little... to support the belief that education... altruism and gives people a broader sense of social responsibility.

9. He used to buy the... to that weekly magazine once a week.

10.... is a person who is vested with formal responsibility for another's property and affairs.

11. The... of conducting k. a trustee
elections at the weekend is

that most people are free to participate in voting.

12. What... the appearance of 1. a supplement
a number of competing

theories of representation?

Kx. 6. Translate the Conditional sentences into Russian

I. This notion is embodied in the idea that a representative government would con sti tute a microcosm of the larger society.

.!. If all representatives simply advance the interests of the groups from which they come, the result would be social division and conflict.

У A government that is a microcosm of society would reflect that society's weakness as well as its strength.

■1 What would the advantage of government resembling society he. if the majority of the population are apathetic?

s The electorate would/might be classified on the basis of class, race, gender and so on,

('. There is fear, that representation would/could simply become a substitute for democracy.

' 'If men were angels,'Madison^! famously wrote 'no government would be necessary*.

ч In the Islamic world with an increasing role of theocratic politics, were elections to be held tomorrow, the resulting regimes would almost certainly be more illiberal than the ones now in place.

■i For Mill², representative government (the ideal type of a perfect government) is ill suited to 'barbarous' or 'backward' people, who are likely to need some form of monarchical or (preferably) external rule to bring them toward the state of civilization in which they mig ht/would become fit for representative government.

И) In more typical cases of democratic transition, elections are often held under extraordinarily difficult circumstances and at fimes that would not have been chosen if democracy-building were the only goal. Even if such countries today are merely illiberal democracies, they are manifestly much better off than if i hey were still racked by civil war.

¹ James Madison (1751-1836) - fourth president (1809-1817) of the i s V

' John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) - British economist and philosopher,

11. It is difficult to see how dispensing with elections would lead toward 'constitutional liberalism', or how such unaccountable rule would be preferable ro 'illiberal democracy'.

12. Demagogues can use electoral campaigns to appeal to voters' worst instincts, including ethnic or religious intolerance (although the number of new democracies in which candidates have succeeded on the basis of such appeals is far fewer than mig ht have been expected ¹).

13. Popular sentiment in seventeenth-century England, if there had been a way of measuring it, mig ht wel l have approved of a monarchical political system.

14. If politicians should think for themselves (should politicians think for themselves) because the public is ignorant, poorly educated or deluded then surely it is a mistake to allow the public to elect their representatives in the first place.