The Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty that sets binding obligations on industrialized countries to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The UNFCCC is an environmental treaty with the goal of preventing dangerous anthropogenic (i.e., human-induced) interference of the climate system. There are192 parties to the convention: 191 states (including all the UN members except Andorra, Canada, South Sudan and the United States) and the European Union. The United States signed but did not ratify the Protocol and Canada withdrew from it in 2011.The Protocol was adopted by Parties to the UNFCCC in 1997, and entered into force in 2005.
As part of the Kyoto Protocol, many developed countries have agreed to legally binding limitations/reductions in their emissions of greenhouse gases in two commitments periods: • the first commitment period applies to emissions between 2008-2012 • the second commitment period applies to emissions between 2013-2020
The protocol was amended in 2012 to accommodate the second commitment period, but this amendment has (as of January 2013) not entered into legal force. International emissions trading allows developed countries to trade their commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. They can trade emissions quotas among themselves, and can also receive credit for financing emissions reductions in developing countries. Developing countries do not have binding targets under the Kyoto Protocol, but are still committed under the treaty to reduce their emissions.
Copenhagen agreement:
• Endorses the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol. • Underlines that climate change is one of the greatest challenges of our time • To prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system • Parties to the Kyoto Protocol would strengthen their existing targets. • Delivery of reductions and finance by developed countries will be measured, reported and verified (MRV) in accordance with COP guidelines. • Agrees that developing nations (non-Annex I Parties) would "implement mitigation actions» and would report those actions once every two years via the U.N. climate change secretariat • Decides pursue opportunities to use markets to enhance the cost-effectiveness of, and to promote mitigation actions. • Developing countries, especially these with low-emitting economies should be provided incentives to continue to develop on a low-emission pathway • Agrees that developed countries would raise funds of $30 billion from 2010-2012 of new and additional resources • Agrees a "goal" for the world to raise $100 billion per year by 2020, from "a wide variety of sources", to help developing countries cut carbon emissions (mitigation). • Establishes a Copenhagen Green Climate Fund, as an operating entity of the financial mechanism, "to support projects, programme, policies and other activities in developing countries related to mitigation". 17. Право международных организаций: понятие, виды, роль в современном обществе. Роль МАГАТЭ в современном мире.
Internarional organizations: - Organisation is established by treaty or other instrument (resolution, joint unilateral act) governed by international law - possessing own international legal personality (autonomous organs acting on majority basis) - composed of States (predominantly), other IO’s (entities)
History: - first created in XIX century - were created as a means conducting international relations and fostering cooperation - evolved from ad hoc multilateral conferences (Congress of Vienna 1815) into institutions with organs on a permanent basis - early IO dealt with technical, non-political matters (Commissions regulating rivers, Telegraphic and Postal Unions) - League of Nations (forerunner of the UN) – first IO to deal with political relations, which aspired to universal membership
Role in international affairs: - development of international law specifically - Within diverse fields of operation (endeavour): political cooperation, protection of the environment, defense, humanitarian and development assistance, promotion of trade, etc. IO perform functions: - Provide forum for deliberating upon matters of common interests, develop rules on these matters - Act as vehicles for taking action on international problems - resolution of international disputes - promoting, monitoring, supervising State compliance with agreed rules and policies
Types: - intergovernmental (predominantly States): UN, WTO - non-governmental (private entities, though operate in more than 1 country): Amnesty International, Greenpeace - membership: universal(UN)/closed(geographic, economic criteria OPEC) - functions: broad areas/particular fields 18. Международные организации: Организация о всеобъемлющем запрещении ядерных испытаний: создание, структура, роль в современном мире. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) is an international organization that will be established upon the entry into force of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, a Convention that outlaws nuclear test explosions. Its seat will be Vienna, Austria. The organization will be tasked with verifying the ban on nuclear tests and will operate therefore a worldwide monitoring system and may conduct on site inspections. The Preparatory Commission for the CTBTO, and its Provisional Technical Secretariat, were established in 1997 and are headquartered in Vienna, Austria.
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