Measures of trade regulation
The Protectionist measures raise the price of imported goods so that domestically produced goods will gаin а price advantage, so they protect domestically produced goods) Protectionist measures control international trade. The most common of them are tarrifs and quotas. Tariff(duties) – tax charged on imported goods. Quota – is the maximum quantity of а product that mау bе admitted to а country during а certain period of time.
Trade warsbetween EU and US • US believes the EU trade policy unfairly favors banana (and other fruits) crops from ex-colonies (Carribbean, Africa) over those owned by firms like Dole. The USA wants EU also accept import from Latin America (EU banned) • US threatened $500 million “cross-sanctions” against unrelated European exports from almost 20 product categories (WTO banned the sanctions, but US doesn’t care) • producers of cashmere clothing lowed on work (threat of US trade sanctions) • unemployment increased in Scotland (Hawick) where more than half of Europe’s cashemere goods produced
Possible solutions: • negotiations (WTO) • compromise 18. Совместные предприятия, слияния, поглощения. Основные факторы, препятствующие успешному слиянию. Forms of business activity. All companies need to introduce new products and services. There are some ways to do it. 1. develop it themselves 2. buy another smaller company with successful products 3. merge with the same company. Joint venture. Companies agree to collaborate and jointly invest in а business project (allows to combine strengths in оnе specific аrеa) – they remain 2 different companies. Merger – fusion of corporations in one industry by transfer of all property to a single corporation. Acquisition оr takeover. A соmрапу accumulates enough of another company's shares to gain control and ownership.
Reasons for taking over or combining: - reinforcing your company's position - reducing competition - diversifying production - rationalizing the use of a plant or invested capital - optimizing products or markets - searching for synergy (the belief that together the companies will produce more than the sum of the two separate parts)
A company that wants to grow can: - launch a raid (buy a large quantity of another company's shares on the stock exchange) - make a takeover bid – a public offer to a company's shareholders to buy their shares, at a particular price during a particular period (a friendly takeover has a consent of the directors of the company/hostile-undertaken against the wishes of the board of directors; Defences against this: 1) poison pill: - change the voting structure of company - change board of directors - spend all the company’s cash reserves 3) white knight – to find another buyer whom they prefer
Problems for successful mergers: - Corporative egos of companies’ CEO’s (sometimes psycho-pathological and even paranoid) - Difficult to agree on details (headquarters, new company name, etc) - Unwillingness to compromise Poor implementation, especially underestimating the problem of different cultures 19. Категоризация мировых культур: Linear-Active, Multi-Active, Reactive Cultures. Проблемы столкновения культур, принадлежащих к разным категориям. The several hundred national and regional cultures of the world can be roughly classified into three groups: • task-oriented, highly organized planners (linear-active); • people-oriented, loquacious interrelators (multi-active); • and introverted, respect-oriented listeners (reactive).
Linear-active (Swedes, Swiss, Dutch, Americans and Germans): • introvert, patient, quiet, plan ahead methodically, job-oriented and unemotional, value punctuality • do one thing at a time, concentrate hard on that thing and do it within a scheduled time period (consider it more efficient) • dominated by time-tables, get and verify information from books, statistics • separate social/ professional • stick to facts, value fixed agendas
Multi-active (Spaniards, Italians, Greeks, Latin Americans): • extrovert, impatient, talkative • not very interested in schedules or punctuality • do not like to leave conversations unfinished (even if it goes beyond their schedule) • let one timetable influence another and change plans • are likely to juggle facts and prefer first-hand oral info • Emotional and people-oriented
Reactive (Japanese, Koreans, Chinese, Vietnamese, Finns): • silent, patient, good listeners, prefer to look at general principles, react, punctual • reacts to partner's timetable • sees whole picture, makes slight changes, statements considers to be promises • summarizes well, plans slowly, delegates to reliable people, avoids confrontation, doesn't interrupt, connects social and professional
Enduring misunderstandings arise principally when there is a clash of category rather than nationality. The ability to interact successfully with foreign partners in the spheres of commercial activity, diplomatic intercourse and scientific interchange is seen as increasingly essential and desirable => cross-cultural training is very useful. 20. Понятие культуры. Чем обусловлено поведение представителей отдельной культуры? Что может вызвать культурный шок? Понятие нормы. Culture – “the collective programming of the mind that distinguishes the members of one category of people from another” Collective programming – a process to which we are subjected since birth, it begins in the cradle and reinforces in the kindergarten, school and workplace. Brainwashing – imposing on somebody new core beliefs of a strange or sometimes alien against his will, often with connotation of political coercion We learn our core beliefs from our parents and teachers, we find them almost impossible to discard.
Types of traits: • inherited (common to mankind) – “deep inside all people are alike” – not numerous • learned (result of collective programming) – they become our core beliefs – others = strange • individual (deviants) – by personal originality and even genius
Cultural display – utterance or action, through which you reveal your cultural attitudes
Cultures: 1) own culture 2) friendly culture 3) alien culture Cultural shock – when 2 different cultures clash (example: an Italian late for 30 mins for the meeting with a German -> deadlock or withdrawal from a project. An Italian late for a meeting with a French -> criticism, but okay -> next time Italian late for 20 mins and French late for 15 mins himself) Every nation thinks it is normal and others are abnormal (Finns consider Italians overly emotional, Japanese consider Americans straight-talking as rude, Germans think Australians are undisciplined)
Normal/abnormal: • Collective programming in our culture convinces us that we are normal, others eccentric • then we consider everybody else abnormal • We also make assumptions on the basis of our subjective view and, even worse, assumptions about other people's assumptions. • Nearly all nations think they are the best (Americans – best, Spaniard – the bravest, French – intellectually superior etc.) Chauvinism – aggressive or fanatical patriotism
International Law 1. Понятие международного права (субъекты, исторические вехи). International law - Initially – law that governs relations between states. - Nowadays - no longer deemed to be exclusively limited to those relations - Contemporary definition: law that deals "with the conduct of states and of international organizations and with their relations inter se, as well as with some of their relations with persons, whether natural or juridical." - Sources:IL traces its roots far into antiquity(exchange of diplomatic emissaries, the conclusion of peace treaties)
A number of events or historical milestones mark the development of modern international law. Among these are: • the Peace of Westphalia; • the Congress of Vienna; • the establishment of the Treaty of Versailles; • the adoption of the Charter of the UN.
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