Прочитайте определения данных выше слов, и переведите эти слова на русский язык.
1. Writing is a system of human visual communication using signs or symbols associated by convention with units of language meanings or sounds recorded on materials such as paper, stone, or clay. 2. A ballpoint pen is a writing instrument which features a tip that is automatically refreshed with ink. 3. Penmanship is the technique of writing with the hand using a writing instrument. 4. Rubber stamp is a piece of rubber affixed to a handle and bearing raised characters used to make ink impressions, as of names or dates. 5. Font style is a typeface variation (normal, bold, italic, bold italic). 6. Line is a horizontal row of printed or written words or symbols. 7. Cursive is any style of handwriting that is designed for writing notes and letters quickly by hand. In the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic writing systems, the letters in a word are connected, making a word one single complex stroke. In fact, the word comes from the Latin cursivus, meaning "flowing".
Замените русские слова в скобках на их английские эквиваленты. Переведите предложения. 1. The advent of the (пишущей машинки) in 1873 reduced the need for handwriting. 2. Today the influence of the early (алфавитов) is seen throughout Europe and the Americas. 3. (Письменность) evolved because people had a desire to communicate their thoughts with others. 4. A forensic document examiner deals with items such as (чернила, карандаш, бумага). 5. (Школы каллиграфии) became extinct early in the 20th century as the typewriters replaced handwriting in modern business. 6. For typing, the document examiner observes characteristics of the typeface, (полиграфического шрифта), spacing between letters and (строками).
Найдите ответы на вопросы.
a) Our present cursive handwriting is called italic, the word which comes from Italy. Today italic means script that slants to the right. b) The word stems from the first two letters of Greek alphabet, alpha and beta. Their alphabet consists of 24 letters. c) The Cyrillic alphabet derived from the Greek is used in Russia and Eastern European countries. This alphabet was introduced by St. Cyril and Methodis who proselytized* the Slavic tribes of East Europe in the ninth century. d) The Romans borrowed the alphabet from the Greek and gave letters their names. For several centuries their writing consisted of disconnected capital letters then they invented the lowercase letters that were patterned from the capital letters. These letters simplified the forms and made it easier to copy manuscripts.
*to proselytize – обращать в другую веру
Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
TEXT If you become a document examiner, you will not conduct crime scene searches, street investigations, interviews, or interrogations. Document examiners are laboratory investigators — not field investigators — most of the time. But know this, as a document examiner you will not be bored. Be assured, you will not find your work routine or mechanical. You will usually work your cases solo — just you and the documents. You will use your eyes, your intellect, your experience, and optical tools such as the stereo-binocular microscope and camera. Examining questioned documents is a personal and mostly subjective decision-making business. When the examiner’s name on the report is yours, you alone will be responsible for the findings and conclusions. And you will be expected to show judges and jurors why you believe you are right. And you will do it alone. So as a forensic document examiner you will usually have two basic problems to resolve: (1) solving the evidence puzzle itself and (2) convincing judges and jurors that your opinions (conclusions) are correct. A forensic document examiner studies all aspects of a document to determine its authenticity and origin, including handwriting, typewriting, printing, photocopies, inks and papers. Examiners look for clues that point to forgery. Having found they also try to determine where the forgery originated. Some of the most frequently examined documents are wills, medical records, loan agreements, contracts, checks, and letters that have no identified authors. Forensic document examiners also testify as expert witnesses in court. A Forensic Document Examiner (also known as Questioned Document Examiner) discovers and develops evidence from a document or signature that can be used in a Court of Law. Forensic document examiners may cross and examine all forms of documents without losing any credibility in their testimony. A Forensic Document Examiner must be a person of good moral character, high integrity, and good repute and must possess high ethical and professional standing. A Forensic Document Examiner must have a sound basic education through the Bachelor degree. The typical training period is two years of study and practical experience in an established questioned documents laboratory where the examiner trainee studies the basic literature, completes study projects, becomes familiar with the role of forensic sciences in general and questioned documents in particular as they relate to the legal system.
Прочитайте, что является объектами исследования судебной экспертизы документов. Переведите их названия на русский язык. Выберите любые пять и выпишите из толкового словаря их дефиниции.
Работа в парах. Прочитайте пример судебного дела, исход которого определило проведение почерковедческой экспертизы. Обсудите в форме диалога, какими профессиональными знаниями и качествами должен обладать эксперт. Case Study: Insurance Fraud
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