Reading and comprehension exercises. Exercise 1. Read the following text and translate it.

 

Exercise 1. Read the following text and translate it.

 

Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create individual parts, assemblies, or large scale structures. The term covers a wide range of work from large ships and bridges to precise engine parts and delicate jewelry. It therefore includes a correspondingly wide range of skills, processes, and tools.

Metalworking is a science, art, hobby, industry and trade. Its historical roots span cultures, civilizations, and millennia. Metalworking has evolved from the discovery of smelting various ores, producing malleable and ductile metal useful for tools and adornments. Modern metalworking processes, though diverse and specialized, can be categorized as forming, cutting, or joining processes. Today’s machine shop includes a number of machine tools capable of creating a precise, useful workpiece.

The forming processes modify metal or workpiece by deforming the object, that is, without removing any material. Forming is done with heat and pressure, or with mechanical force, or both.

Casting achieves a specific form by pouring molten metal into a mold and allowing it to cool, with no mechanical force. Plastic deformation involves using heat or pressure to make a workpiece more conductive to mechanical force. Historically, this and casting were done by blacksmiths, though today the process has been industrialized. Sheet metal forming involves the application of mechanical force at room temperature.

Cutting is a collection of processes wherein material is brought to a specified geometry by removing excess material using various kinds of tooling to leave a finished part that meets specifications. The net result of cutting is two products, the waste or excess material, and the finished part. If this were a discussion of woodworking, the waste would be sawdust and excess wood. In cutting metals the waste is chips or swarf and excess metal.

There are many technologies available to cut metal, including:

· Manual technologies: saw, chisel, shear or snips;

· Machine technologies: turning, milling, drilling, grinding, sawing;

· Welding / burning technologies: burning by laser, oxy-fuel burning, and plasma;

· Erosion technologies: by water jet or electric discharge.

 

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions about the text.

 

1. What is metalworking?

2. What is the range of work that the term “metalworking” covers?

3. Is metalworking a science or an art?

4. What has metalworking evolve from?

5. How can modern metalworking processes be categorized?

6. What does forming do?

7. What is forming done with?

8. Which forming process(es) involve(s) no mechanical force?

9. Which forming process(es) involve(s) no heat or pressure?

10. Which forming process(es) was (were) done by blacksmiths?

11. What is cutting?

12. What two products are the net result of cutting?

13. What is the the waste in woodworking?

14. What is the the waste in metalworking?

15. What technologies are available to cut metal?

 

Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with the information from the text.

 

1. Metalworking is the process of working with metals to create ….

2. The term includes a wide range of ….

3. Metalworking has evolved from the discovery of smelting …, producing … useful for ….

4. Modern metalworking processes can be categorized as ….

5. … modify metal or workpiece by deforming the object, that is, without removing any material.

6. … modify metal by pouring molten metal into a mold and allowing it to cool, with no mechanical force.

7. … modify metal by removing excess material using various kinds of tooling to leave a finished part that meets specifications.

8. The net result of cutting is two products, ….

9. If this were a discussion of woodworking, the waste would be ….

10. In cutting metals the waste is ….

Exercise 4. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following Russian words and phrases.

 

Процесс работы с металлами; отдельные части, узлы, крупномасштабные конструкции; точные части двигателя; хрупкие драгоценности; охватывать культуры, цивилизации и тысячелетия; плавка различных руд; полезный для инструментов и украшений; разнообразные и специализированные; способный к; изменять металл или заготовку; литой металл; процесс был промышленно развит; при комнатной температуре; удаляя излишки материала; чтобы соответствовать техническим требованиям; конечный результат; деревообработка.

 

Exercise 5. Find in the text the following English words and phrases and give their Russian equivalents.

 

The term covers; a wide range of work; a correspondingly wide range of skills, processes, and tools; a science, art, hobby, industry and trade; can be categorized as; a number of; that is; is done with; with no mechanical force; the application of mechanical force; a collection of processes; available.

Exercise 6. In the table below you will see some other, not mentioned in the text above, metal forming processes listed. Match the name (1-4) with the definition (A-D), and with the corresponding Russian term (a-d).

 

	rolling		A	it includes such processes as punching, blanking, embossing, bending, flanging, and coining		a	ковка
	stamping		B	in it the metal stock is passed through a pair of rolls		b	прокатка
	drawing		C	in it the metal is heated in fire and hit with a hammer		c	волочение
	forging		D	it uses tensile forces to stretch metal		d	штамповка

 

Exercise 7. Match the name of a tool used to cut metal (1-6) with the definition (A-F), and with the corresponding Russian term (a-f).

 

	saw		A	a tool capable of slicing into metal or other materials (such as granite) using a jet of water at high velocity and pressure, or a mixture of water and an abrasive substance		a	ножницы для резки металла
	laser		B	a tool used to give material a desired shape; material is removed from the workpiece by a series of rapidly recurring current discharges between two electrodes, separated by a dielectric liquid and subjected to an electric voltage		b	зубило
	electric discharge		C	a tool that uses a hard blade or wire with an abrasive edge to cut through softer materials; may be worked by hand		c	установка гидроабразивной резки
	chisel		D	a device that emits light (electromagnetic radiation) through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of photons		d	аппарат для электроэрозионной обработки
	shear or snips		E	hand tools used to cut sheet metal and other tough webs. There are two broad categories: tinner’s snips, which are similar to common scissors, and compound-action snips, which use a compound leverage handle system to increase the mechanical advantage		e	пила
	water jet		F	a tool with a characteristically shaped cutting edge (such that wood ones have lent part of their name to a particular grind) of blade on its end, for carving or cutting a hard material such as wood, stone, or metal		f	лазер

 

Exercise 8. Read the following text. Seven sentences have been removed from it. From the sentences below (A-J) choose the one which fits the appropriate gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence you do not need.

Conventional machining is a collection of material-working processes in which power-driven machine tools, such as saws, lathes, milling machines, and drill presses, are used with a sharp cutting tool to mechanically cut the material to achieve the desired geometry. 1. __________________________________ ____________________________________. A person who specializes in machining is called a machinist. A room, building, or company where machining is done is called a machine shop. Much of modern day machining is controlled by computers using computer numerical control (CNC) machining. Machining can be a business, a hobby, or both.

2. ______________________________________________________________________. During the Machine Age, it referred to (what we today might call) the “traditional” machining processes, such as turning, boring, drilling, milling, broaching, sawing, shaping, planing, reaming, and tapping, or sometimes to grinding. Since the advent of new technologies such as electrical discharge machining, electrochemical machining, electron beam machining, photochemical machining, and ultrasonic machining, the retronym “conventional machining” can be used to differentiate the classic technologies from the newer ones. 3. ______________________________________________________________________.

Turning is a metal cutting process for producing a cylindrical surface with a single point tool. The workpiece is rotated on a spindle and the cutting tool is fed into it radially, axially or both. 4. ______________________________________________________________________. Producing surfaces using both radial and axial feeds is called profiling.

There are many threading processes including: cutting threads with a tap or die, thread milling, single-point thread cutting, thread rolling and forming, and thread grinding. 5. _______________________________________________ _______________________.

Grinding uses an abrasive process to remove material from the workpiece. A grinding machine is a machine tool used for producing very fine finishes, making very light cuts, or high precision forms using an abrasive wheel as the cutting device. 6. ______________________________________________ ________________________.

Filing is combination of grinding and saw tooth cutting using a file. Prior to the development of modern machining equipment it provided a relatively accurate means for the production of small parts, especially those with flat surfaces. 7. ______________________________________________________ ________________. Today filing is rarely used as a production technique in industry, though it remains as a common method of deburring.

a	Machining is a part of the manufacture of almost all metal products, and it is common for other materials, such as wood and plastic, to be machined.
b	Producing surfaces perpendicular to the workpiece axis is called facing.
c	This wheel can be made up of various sizes and types of stones, diamonds or inorganic materials.
d	The precise meaning of the term “machining” has evolved over the past 1.5 centuries as technology has advanced.
e	A tap is used to cut a female thread on the inside surface of a pre-drilled hole, while a die cuts a male thread on a preformed cylindrical rod.
f	An unfinished workpiece requiring machining will need to have some material cut away to create a finished product.
j	The term “machining” without qualification usually implies conventional machining.
h	The skilled use of a file allowed a machinist to work to fine tolerances and was the hallmark of the craft.

Exercise 9. Choose the right ending.

 

1.	A room, building, or company where machining is done is called
	A	a machine mall.
	B	a machine boutique.
	C	a machine shop.
2.	A person who specializes in machining is called
	A	a machinist.
	B	a mechanic.
	C	a machine-gunner.
3.	Producing surfaces using both radial and axial feeds is called
	A	facing.
	B	profiling.
	C	deburring.
4.	Filing is combination of grinding and saw tooth cutting using
	A	an abrasive wheel.
	B	a file.
	C	a tap or die.