CHEMICAL WARFARE
1. Chemical warfare is the use of chemical compounds in warfare and the methods of combating such agents. The term usually refers to the use of chemical agents, both lethal and non-lethal, that attack the human organism by paralyzing the nervous system; inducing temporary blindness, deafness, paralysis; causing severe bums to skin, eyes, or lungs; or stifling respiration. Also included are chemical defoliants and herbicides for military purposes, such as those used in the Vietnam War. World-wide revulsion toward chemical weapons is embodied in the Geneva Protocol of 1925, prohibiting "the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases." 2.Toxic smokes and other toxic substances were used occasionally in war from ancient times, but the earliest large-scale use of chemical warfare agents was in World War I. It was the German attack with chlorine released from thousands of cylinders along a four-mile (six-kilometre) front at Ypres on April 22, 1915. that initiated the massive use of chemicals in that conflict. 3.As other gases and more effective delivery methods were introduced, so too were improved defenses. The defense kept pace, with the introduction of better gas masks, protective clothing, and battlefield tactics for minimizing exposure. More than 100.000 tons of various chemical warfare agents were used in World War I; but gas was an unimportant weapon in overall military terms, largely because of the effectiveness of defenses against it. 4. In World War П, chemical weapons were stockpiled by both sides, but they were not used and were not integrated into military planning. Records indicated various reasons for this: military opinion that chemical weapons would be no more effective than conventional weapons and would complicate and delay operations, fear of retaliation, especially against civilian centres, and aversion to gas warfare by political and military leaders. Chemical weapons were used in only a few of the more than 200 wars fought after World War I. Определите, является ли утверждение: Chemical defoliants and herbicides are used for military purposes. a) Ложным b) Истинным c) В тексте нет информации
Задание 28. Прочитайте текст CHEMICAL WARFARE 1. Chemical warfare is the use of chemical compounds in warfare and the methods of combating such agents. The term usually refers to the use of chemical agents, both lethal and non-lethal, that attack the human organism by paralyzing the nervous system; inducing temporary blindness, deafness, paralysis; causing severe bums to skin, eyes, or lungs; or stifling respiration. Also included are chemical defoliants and herbicides for military purposes, such as those used in the Vietnam War. World-wide revulsion toward chemical weapons is embodied in the Geneva Protocol of 1925, prohibiting "the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases." 2.Toxic smokes and other toxic substances were used occasionally in war from ancient times, but the earliest large-scale use of chemical warfare agents was in World War I. It was the German attack with chlorine released from thousands of cylinders along a four-mile (six-kilometre) front at Ypres on April 22, 1915. that initiated the massive use of chemicals in that conflict. 4.As other gases and more effective delivery methods were introduced, so too were improved defenses. The defense kept pace, with the introduction of better gas masks, protective clothing, and battlefield tactics for minimizing exposure. More than 100.000 tons of various chemical warfare agents were used in World War I; but gas was an unimportant weapon in overall military terms, largely because of the effectiveness of defenses against it. 4. In World War П, chemical weapons were stockpiled by both sides, but they were not used and were not integrated into military planning. Records indicated various reasons for this: military opinion that chemical weapons would be no more effective than conventional weapons and would complicate and delay operations, fear of retaliation, especially against civilian centres, and aversion to gas warfare by political and military leaders. Chemical weapons were used in only a few of the more than 200 wars fought after World War I. Определите, является ли утверждение: The massive use of chemicals was in World War I. a) Ложным b) Истинным c) В тексте нет информации
Задание 29. Прочитайте текст CHEMICAL WARFARE 1. Chemical warfare is the use of chemical compounds in warfare and the methods of combating such agents. The term usually refers to the use of chemical agents, both lethal and non-lethal, that attack the human organism by paralyzing the nervous system; inducing temporary blindness, deafness, paralysis; causing severe bums to skin, eyes, or lungs; or stifling respiration. Also included are chemical defoliants and herbicides for military purposes, such as those used in the Vietnam War. World-wide revulsion toward chemical weapons is embodied in the Geneva Protocol of 1925, prohibiting "the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases." 2.Toxic smokes and other toxic substances were used occasionally in war from ancient times, but the earliest large-scale use of chemical warfare agents was in World War I. It was the German attack with chlorine released from thousands of cylinders along a four-mile (six-kilometre) front at Ypres on April 22, 1915. that initiated the massive use of chemicals in that conflict. 5.As other gases and more effective delivery methods were introduced, so too were improved defenses. The defense kept pace, with the introduction of better gas masks, protective clothing, and battlefield tactics for minimizing exposure. More than 100.000 tons of various chemical warfare agents were used in World War I; but gas was an unimportant weapon in overall military terms, largely because of the effectiveness of defenses against it. 4. In World War П, chemical weapons were stockpiled by both sides, but they were not used and were not integrated into military planning. Records indicated various reasons for this: military opinion that chemical weapons would be no more effective than conventional weapons and would complicate and delay operations, fear of retaliation, especially against civilian centres, and aversion to gas warfare by political and military leaders. Chemical weapons were used in only a few of the more than 200 wars fought after World War I.
Определите, является ли утверждение: Chemical warfare was widely used after World War П. a) Ложным b) Истинным c) В тексте нет информации
Задание30. Прочитайте текст CHEMICAL WARFARE 1. Chemical warfare is the use of chemical compounds in warfare and the methods of combating such agents. The term usually refers to the use of chemical agents, both lethal and non-lethal, that attack the human organism by paralyzing the nervous system; inducing temporary blindness, deafness, paralysis; causing severe bums to skin, eyes, or lungs; or stifling respiration. Also included are chemical defoliants and herbicides for military purposes, such as those used in the Vietnam War. World-wide revulsion toward chemical weapons is embodied in the Geneva Protocol of 1925, prohibiting "the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases." 2.Toxic smokes and other toxic substances were used occasionally in war from ancient times, but the earliest large-scale use of chemical warfare agents was in World War I. It was the German attack with chlorine released from thousands of cylinders along a four-mile (six-kilometre) front at Ypres on April 22, 1915. that initiated the massive use of chemicals in that conflict. 6.As other gases and more effective delivery methods were introduced, so too were improved defenses. The defense kept pace, with the introduction of better gas masks, protective clothing, and battlefield tactics for minimizing exposure. More than 100.000 tons of various chemical warfare agents were used in World War I; but gas was an unimportant weapon in overall military terms, largely because of the effectiveness of defenses against it. 4. In World War П, chemical weapons were stockpiled by both sides, but they were not used and were not integrated into military planning. Records indicated various reasons for this: military opinion that chemical weapons would be no more effective than conventional weapons and would complicate and delay operations, fear of retaliation, especially against civilian centres, and aversion to gas warfare by political and military leaders. Chemical weapons were used in only a few of the more than 200 wars fought after World War I.
Определите, является ли утверждение: Modem lethal chemical weapons employed the organo-phosphorus nerve agents first produced but not used during World War П. a) Ложным b) Истинным c) В тексте нет информации
Задание31. Прочитайте текст CHEMICAL WARFARE 1. Chemical warfare is the use of chemical compounds in warfare and the methods of combating such agents. The term usually refers to the use of chemical agents, both lethal and non-lethal, that attack the human organism by paralyzing the nervous system; inducing temporary blindness, deafness, paralysis; causing severe bums to skin, eyes, or lungs; or stifling respiration. Also included are chemical defoliants and herbicides for military purposes, such as those used in the Vietnam War. World-wide revulsion toward chemical weapons is embodied in the Geneva Protocol of 1925, prohibiting "the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases." 2.Toxic smokes and other toxic substances were used occasionally in war from ancient times, but the earliest large-scale use of chemical warfare agent was in World War I. It was the German attack with chlorine released from thousands of cylinders along a four-mile (six-kilometre) front at Ypres on April 22, 1915. that initiated the massive use of chemicals in that conflict. 3. As other gases and more effective delivery methods were introduced, so too were improved defenses. The defense kept pace, with the introduction of better gas masks, protective clothing, and battlefield tactics for minimizing exposure. More than 100.000 tons of various chemical warfare agents were used in World War I; but gas was an unimportant weapon in overall military terms, largely because of the effectiveness of defenses against it. 4. In World War П, chemical weapons were stockpiled by both sides, but they were not used and were not integrated into military planning. Records indicated various reasons for this: military opinion that chemical weapons would be no more effective than conventional weapons and would complicate and delay operations, fear of retaliation, especially against civilian centres, and aversion to gas warfare by political and military leaders. Chemical weapons were used in only a few of the more than 200 wars fought after World War I.
Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 1, 4) соответствует следующая идея: Chemical weapons can cause different disorders of the nervous system. a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4
Задание32. Прочитайте текст CHEMICAL WARFARE 1. Chemical warfare is the use of chemical compounds in warfare and the methods of combating such agents. The term usually refers to the use of chemical agents, both lethal and non-lethal, that attack the human organism by paralyzing the nervous system; inducing temporary blindness, deafness, paralysis; causing severe bums to skin, eyes, or lungs; or stifling respiration. Also included are chemical defoliants and herbicides for military purposes, such as those used in the Vietnam War. World-wide revulsion toward chemical weapons is embodied in the Geneva Protocol of 1925, prohibiting "the use in war of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases." 2.Toxic smokes and other toxic substances were used occasionally in war from ancient times, but the earliest large-scale use of chemical warfare agents was in World War I. It was the German attack with chlorine released from thousands of cylinders along a four-mile (six-kilometre) front at Ypres on April 22, 1915. that initiated the massive use of chemicals in that conflict. 3.As other gases and more effective delivery methods were introduced, so too were improved defenses. The defense kept pace, with the introduction of better gas masks, protective clothing, and battlefield tactics for minimizing exposure. More than 100.000 tons of various chemical warfare agents were used in World War I; but gas was an unimportant weapon in overall military terms, largely because of the effectiveness of defenses against it. 4. In World War П, chemical weapons were stockpiled by both sides, but they were not used and were not integrated into military planning. Records indicated various reasons for this: military opinion that chemical weapons would be no more effective than conventional weapons and would complicate and delay operations, fear of retaliation, especially against civilian centres, and aversion to gas warfare by political and military leaders. Chemical weapons were used in only a few of the more than 200 wars fought after World War I.
Укажите, какому из абзацев текста (1, 2, 1, 4) соответствует следующая идея: The development of chemical weapons resulted in improvement of protective methods.
a) 3 b) 1 c) 2 d) 4
Задание33. Прочитайте текст CHEMICAL WARFARE 1.Chemical warfare is the use of chemical compounds in warfare and the methods of combating such agents. The term usually refers to the use of chemical agents, both lethal and non-lethal, that attack the human organism by paralyzing the nervous system; inducing temporary blindness, deafness, paralysis; causing severe bums to skin, eyes, or lungs; or stifling respiration. Also included are chemical defoliants and herbicides for military purposes, such as those used in the Vietnam War. World-wide revulsion toward chemical weapons is embodied in the Geneva Protocol of 1925, 2.Toxic smokes and other toxic substances were used occasionally in war from ancient times, but the earliest large-scale use of chemical warfare agents was in World War I. It was the German attack with chlorine released from thousands of cylinders along a four-mile (six-kilometre) front at Ypres on April 22, 1915. that initiated the massive use of chemicals in that conflict. 3.As other gases and more effective delivery methods were introduced, so too were improved defenses. The defense kept pace, with the introduction of better gas masks, protective clothing, and battlefield tactics for minimizing exposure. More than 100.000 tons of various chemical warfare agents were used in World War I; but gas was an unimportant weapon in overall military terms, largely because of the effectiveness of defenses against it. 4. In World War П, chemical weapons were stockpiled by both sides, but they were not used and were not integrated into military planning. Records indicated various reasons for this: military opinion that chemical weapons would be no more effective than conventional weapons and would complicate and delay operations, fear of retaliation, especially against civilian centres, and aversion to gas warfare by political and military leaders. Chemical weapons were used in only a few of the more than 200 wars fought after World War I.
Ответьте на вопрос: Why was gas considered to be an inefficient chemical weapon during World War I? a) The use of gases was prohibited. b) There were effective protective measures against it. c) Its production was rather expensive. d) Its application was complicated and time-consuming. Задание34. Прочитайте текст CHEMICAL WARFARE 1. Chemical warfare is the use of chemical compounds in warfare and the methods of combating such agents. The term usually refers to the use of chemical agents, both lethal and non-lethal, that attack the human organism by paralyzing the nervous system; inducing temporary blindness, deafness, paralysis; causing severe bums to skin, eyes, or lungs; or stifling respiration. Also included are chemical defoliants and herbicides for military purposes, such as those used in the Vietnam War. World-wide revulsion toward chemical weapons is embodied in the Geneva Protocol of 1925, 2.Toxic smokes and other toxic substances were used occasionally in war from ancient times, but the earliest large-scale use of chemical warfare agents was in World War I. It was the German attack with chlorine released from thousands of cylinders along a four-mile (six-kilometre) front at Ypres on April 22, 1915. that initiated the massive use of chemicals in that conflict. 7.As other gases and more effective delivery methods were introduced, so too were improved defenses. The defense kept pace, with the introduction of better gas masks, protective clothing, and battlefield tactics for minimizing exposure. More than 100.000 tons of various chemical warfare agents were used in World War I; but gas was an unimportant weapon in overall military terms, largely because of the effectiveness of defenses against it. 4. In World War П, chemical weapons were stockpiled by both sides, but they were not used and were not integrated into military planning. Records indicated various reasons for this: military opinion that chemical weapons would be no more effective than conventional weapons and would complicate and delay operations, fear of retaliation, especially against civilian centres, and aversion to gas warfare by political and military leaders. Chemical weapons were used in only a few of the more than 200 wars fought after World War I.
Определите основную идею текста: a) The use of chemical compounds attacking human organism in warfare is prohibited and considered not to be effective. b) Modern conventional weapons are more effective than chemical warfare. c) Chemical warfare also includes defoliants and herbicides. d) Toxic smokes and substances were used in ancient times.
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