Metaphor is a trope in which words denoting one object are transferred (or associated with) to others to indicate a resemblance between them.
Resemblance or similarity of: a) Shape: Her eyes were two profound and menacing gunbarrels. b) Function: He is a fox. c) Position: It was the iron skeleton of the mill. Verbs: Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, some few to be chewed and digested. /Bacon/. Nouns: Hamlet knew that, potentially at least, he was a whole symphonyorchestra. Adjectives: Sleepless nights; dying flowers; blue dream. Structurally metaphors are simple or sustained (prolonged, extended): “ I had a stable of promises and I believed those promises. I rode those promises, hard, once to a bad fall (Stephens). The components of a metaphor; Tenor; Vehicle; Tertium comparationis. “ He bent his head and with a single hasty glance (tenor) seemed to dive into my eyes (vehicle). Personification: ”the bare old elm trees wrung their many hands in the bleak wintry air …” The metonymical group (metonymy, synecdoche) is based on contiguity (really existing relations) between 2 objects. The relations are: causal, symbolic, spatial, instrumental, functional: 1) the relations of the container and … contained: “…село – все с ясносиними глазами. ”; 2) the relations of the instrument and the action: “ Give every man thy ear, and few thy voice.” /Shakespeare/. 3) Symbol and notions:
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