Antonomasia.Irony. Epithet.
ANTONOMASIA is a SD based on the usage of a common noun instead of a proper name & vice versa to characterize the person simultaneously with naming him – the so called “speaking names»: Lady Teasle, Miss Sharp, Mister Logic. Every Caesar has his Brutus. Table 8 Prof. Arnold’s classification of TROPES:
   
Litotes: a trope in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative or vice versa: “It was not without a certain wild pleasure I ran before the wind (Jane Eyre). Structural patterns of litotes: 1) the presence of the key-element “not”. “It is not unreasonable.” 2) the key-element “too” + “not”. “I am not too sure.” 3) the key-element “rather, pretty, scarcely, etc…” Irony: opposition of what is said to what is meant: “The garden bore witness to a love of growing plants which extended to many types commonly known as weeds. (J. Wain) Epithet: a word (a group of words) carrying an expressive (emotive) characterization of an object described: “Full many a glorious morning have I seen..."; Epithets: 1) tautological: “ green grass ” 2) evaluative: “ a pompously majestic female” 3) descriptive: “ an unnaturally mild day” 4) metaphorical:” the smiling sun ” 5) metonymical: “the sleepless pillow” Oxymoron: a conjunction of seemingly contradictory notions: “ And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true ” (A.Tennison). Hyperbole is an exaggerated statement not meant to be taken literally to express a highly emotional attitude towards the thing described: “He was all starch and vinegar. ” Zeugma: two homogeneous members grammatically, but semantically different, “Killing time with a book was not much better than killing pheasants and time with a gun.” Semantically false chain is a variety of zeugma consisting of a number of homogeneous members, semantically disconnected, but attached to the same verb. It is based on the effect of defeated expectancy and produces a humorous effect. Ex.: “Babbitt respected bigness in anything: in mountains, jewels, muscles, wealth of words”. (S.L.) Pun (play on words) is based on simultaneous realization of two meanings of a polysemantic word or the usage of two homonyms in the same context: - Have you ever seen him at the bar? - Thousand times. He was a drunkard. Prof. Galperin’s classification: Lexical SD: Table 9 Classification of Lexical Stylistic Devices (LSD)(I.R.Galperin, V.A.Kucharenko)
Repetition: a) Ordinary: b) Anaphora: a…; a…; a…; c) Epiphora: …a; …a; …a; d) Anadiplosis: a…b; b…c; e) Chain repetition: a…b; b…c; c…d … f) Successive repetition: a…b, b, b …
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