Слова-заместителиРекомендуемая литература: ~ Левицкая Т.Р., Фитерман А.М. Проблемы перевода. – М., 1976. – с.31-36. ~ Дмитриева Л.Ф., Кунцевич С.Е., Мартинкевич Е.А., Смирнова Н.Ф. Английский язык. Курс перевода. – М. – Ростов-на-Дону, 2005. – с.251-252.
1. Какие части речи могут иметь слова-заместители? 2. Перечислите основные способы перевода слов-заместителей.
Упражнение 1. Найдите слова-заместители существительного. Переведите предложения. 1. In reading Shakespeare's works, one finds many common everyday words that are used with meanings quite different from those they have today. 2. The phonology of Korean is similar to that of both Japanese and Chinese, perhaps slightly favouring the latter. 3. Amber finds from North-Russian neolithic sites, in addition to those already mentioned in literature, are known at any rate from the dwelling places on the lake of Rostov. 4. I have pointed out that the language used by the child is determined far more by that of its playfellows than by that of its parents. 5. The Ainus live in conditions somewhat similar to those of the Indians of the United States in certain areas of the Japanese islands, and are evidently the remnant of the people who inhabited the island empire before the Japanese came. 6. This sonnet and the one quoted above need, in fact, to be considered together. 7. Of course, the hieroglyphic writing had a stock of thousands of characters, and might well have included the ones we are looking for in texts which have disappeared or not yet been discovered. 8. Like that of Aztec, the bibliography of Quecchua is very large both early and recent. The best grammar seems to be that of Middendorf. 9. The later culture layer is poorer in forms and is more monotonous than the older one: many of the older types of harpoons and arrows are missing. 10. The skeletons were found in the trunk of a great tree. That of King Arthur was of a very large man, and Queen Guinevere was shrouded by her long golden hair.
Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимания на слова-заместители прилагательных и глаголов.
1. This list was criticized on various grounds, some quite legitimate, others less so. 2. The style of this novel is not more ornate than that, let us say, of Robinson Crusoe, and incomparably less so than that of many Japanese books of later date. 3. Of the criticism which appeared in the eighteen major reviews in England, nine were favorable, some very much so, three were lukewarm, but more favorable than hostile. 4. «The eagle sees much further than man, but the human eye sees considerably more in things than does the eye of the eagle», wrote Engels. 5. We know much more about Giovanni Pisano than we do about his anonymous contemporaries who were at work on the Gothic cathedrals in France. 6. There is a super-refined Oxford accent which produces as artificial an effect, in its own way, as does the pronunciation of some of the American stage stars. 7. Jones' surmise that the Germanic languages were related to Latin, Greek and Sanskrit, at once proved true, as did later his surmise about Celtic. 8. The Chinese cannot properly be said to have an alphabet, since the characters used in writing do not represent sounds as do the letters of the alphabets that have been described.
Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на слова-заместители. Прокомментируйте ваш перевод. 1. "When I came here," she explained to Mary, "nobody took any notice of me, so I thought, "Well, I'll jolly well make them notice me; I'll be mad." "So I was, and they did." 2. British expenditure on health lags behind that of other advanced countries, the Office of Health Economics estimates. 3. Immediately there was a burst of applause from all parts of the audience. Never in my lifetime has applause done me the good that did. 4. The real fool is he who does not know himself. I was such a one too long. You have been such a one too long. Be no more. 5. We (Democrats) must always be the party committed to caring, fairness and helping hand for the disadvantaged. But our compassion must be tempered with an awareness of the limitations of the government to solve every problem. Limitations exist, people know it, and they will not believe political leaders who don't. 6. He believed the war made a stronger man as well — deepened his commitment to God and Christianity and helped him through prayer to master the fears he sensed in himself and saw in other men. "I asked Him not to let me be a coward," Roger says, and God did not. 7. As the economy shows signs of improvement, so too will the Government's standing in the opinion polls. 8. I am here for having tried to put your father into prison. My attempt failed. Your father completely turned the tables on me, and had me in prison, has me there still. 9. St. Louis was never what it thinks it was. But old cities, like old families, sustain themselves on dreams of vanished grandeur. 10. Bertrand Russell said that whenever he talked to another savant, he became convinced that happiness was not possible for humans; when he talked to his gardener, he was sure that it was. 11. When it has seemed that drinking is becoming too much of a habit I have given it up for a few months — if only to check that one can. One can. 12. The New Cabinet shows significant changes, both personal and constitutional, from the old one. 13. The law demands quinquennial parliaments not quadrennial ones. 14. The democratic and peace forces today have no task more pressing than that of safeguarding humanity against a global nuclear disaster.
Упражнение 4. Переведите следующие тексты.
1. The complaint that the French judiciary is under the thumb of whatever government may be in power is scarcely new. According to legal historians, it is a complaint that goes back for centuries – at least to the time of Louis XIV, whose ministers centralized the legal system, subordinating local and church law to that emanating from the royal family. 2. A Department of Trade report describes how some of the directors helped create non-existent companies, or business names, operated Swiss bank accounts and deceives auditors. Former chairman was “a party to many transactions”, inspectors say. His standards fell substantially below those which may reasonably be expected of a person who held this high office.
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