UNIT 2THE MAIN PARTS OF NAVIGATION ON AIRCRAFT
AIMS OF THE UNIT:-to identify the main parts of navigationon aircraft -to understand the grammar point ‘ Passive voice’
TASKS 1 Do your best to answer the brainstorming questions. 2 Read the text for general understanding. 3 Make up questions to the text. 4 Find the sentences with the new words in the text. Give the Kazakh or Russian equivalents of the words. 5 Write sentences with the new vocabulary. 6 Do the given exercisesfor better remembering the tеxt.7 Study grammar point ‘ Passive voice’ do the tasks. 8 Speak on the topic. Given schemes will help you to remember and understand the topic. 9 Find more information about the topic. Do some research, create slideshow or a project work and present them.
1 What is navigation? 2 What is navigation used for? 3 What are the main parts of navigation on aircraft? Navigation is the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. It is used for the specialized knowledge andalso used by navigators to perform navigation tasks. The main parts of navigation on aircraft are these topics: - Automatic direction finder - Distance measuring equipment - Traffic alert and collision avoidance system - Flight management computer system - Standby instruments - Pitot-static system - Air data inertial reference system - Flight instrument system - EFIS displays - Altitude alert system - Air traffic control system - Weather radar system - VHF Omni-directional range system - Marker beacon system - Instrument landing system - Global positioning system - Radio altimeter system - Enhanced ground proximity warning system Let`s discuss some of them. The ADF is a form of ‘radio compass’. It provides the pilot with the relative bearing of the beacon. On the ADF instrument in the cockpit, the needle points towards the selected beacon.It enables the pilot to fly the required procedure. The ADF works by using the electromagnetic properties of the signal produced by the beacon. Two antennae the loop antenna and the sense antenna are required. ADF is one of the most important things of aircraft’s navigation systems. Distance measuring equipment (DME) is a transponder-based radio navigation technology.It measures distance by timing the propagation delay of VHF or UHF radio signals. It was invented by Edward George "Taffy" Bowen. Another engineered version of the system was deployed by Amalgamated Wireless Australasia Limited in the early 1950s.It operated in the 200 MHz VHF band. This Australian domestic version was referredto by the Federal Department of Civil Aviation as DME(D) (or DME Domestic).The later international version adopted by ICAO as DME(I). DME is similar to secondary radar, except in reverse. The system was a post-war development of the IFF (identification friend or foe) systems of World War II. DME is functionally identical to the distance measuring component of TACAN (tactical air navigation system). Aircraft use DME to determine their distance from a land-based transponder by sending and receiving fixed duration and separation pulse pairs. The ground stations are typically co-located with VORs. A typical DME ground transponder system for en-route or terminal navigation will have a 1 kW peak pulse output on the assigned UHF channel. A low-power DME can also be co-located with an ILS glide slope or localizer.It provides an accurate distance function. The DME is also important system on aircraft. Because it allows to detect one of the most important parameters such like distance. The third system without which none aircraft can not to be appeared is traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) TCAS involves communication between all aircraft equipped with an appropriate transponder. Each TCAS-equipped aircraft interrogates all other aircraft in a determined range about their position (via the 1,030 MHz radio frequency), and all other craft reply to other interrogations (via 1,090 MHz). This interrogation-and-response cycle may occur several times per second. The TCAS system builds a three dimensional map of aircraft in the airspace, incorporating their range, altitude, and bearing. TCAS and its variants are only able to interact with aircraft that have a correctly operating mode C or mode S transponder. A unique 24-bit identifier is assigned to each aircraft that has a mode S transponder. The next step beyond identifying potential collisionsis automatically negotiating a mutual avoidance maneuverbetween the two (or more) conflicting aircraft. These avoidance maneuvers are communicated to the flight crew by a cockpit display and by synthesized voice instructions.
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