And give the Kazakh or Russian equivalents.

1 heading sensor

2 toroidal coil

3 latitude

4 a pendulous weight

5preset heading

6 drifts

7 silicon chips

8 velocity

9 insensitive

10Doppler radar

11 inferred

12 Multibeam Doppler radars

13 a quaternion algorithm

14 gimbals angularly

II Scan the text to match the clauses together to make sentences. 1 The simplest dead-reckoning systems measure

2 The oldest heading sensor is

3 It measures the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field to

4 The horizontal component of the magnetic field points

5 The angle from true to magnetic north is called

6 A more complex heading sensor is the gyrocompass, consisting of a spinning

wheel

7 The aircraft version holds

8 The usual speed-sensor on an aircraft or helicopter is

9 Most pitot tubes are

10 Another speed sensor is

11 The most accurate dead-reckoning system is

12 Attitude is computed

B

a an inertial navigator in which accelerometers measure the vehicle’s acceleration

while gyroscopes measure the orientation of the accelerometers.

b Doppler radar that measures the frequency shift in radar returns from the ground

or water below the aircraft, from which ground-speed is inferred directly.

c insensitive to the component of airspeed normal to their axis, called drift.

d a pitot tube that measures the dynamic pressure of the air stream from which

airspeed is derived in an air-data computer.

e any preset heading relative to Earth and drifts at more than 50 deg/hr.

f whose axle is constrained to the horizontal plane by a pendulous weight.

g magnetic variation and is stored in the computers of modern vehicles as a

function of position over the region of anticipated travel.

h toward magnetic north.

i an accuracy of 2 degrees at a steady speed below 60 degrees magnetic latitude.

j the magnetic compass: a magnetized needle or an electrically excited toroidal

coil.

k aircraft heading and speed, resolve speed into the navigation coordinates, then

integrate to obtain position.

l by a quaternion algorithm that integrates measured angular increments in three

dimensions at a faster rate than the navigation coordinates are calculated.