Технический редактор Егорова С.Е.
Компьютерная верстка Волкова О.А.
Корректор Емельянова С.Н.
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Е.Н. Лучинская, доктор филологических наук, профессор (КубГУ)
Л.И. Сидорова, кандидат филологических наук, профессор (КубГУ):
Тихонова А.П.
A CONCISE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (Краткая история английского языка): Учебное пособие. - Майкоп: Изд-во АГУ, 2009. - 132 с.
Настоящее учебное пособие по курсу истории английского языка предназначено для студентов лингвистических факультетов вузов.
Учебное пособие построено на основе исторической периодизации. В нем выделены древнеанглийский, среднеанглийский и новоанглийский периоды. Периодизация позволяет показать развитие языка во всех его многосторонних связях.
Пособие представляет интерес для преподавателей вузов и аспирантов, занимающихся разработкой проблем истории английского языка.
Introduction………………………………………………………………
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Part 1
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GERMANIC LANGUAGES
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1.1. Classification of GermanicLanguages……………………………………
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1.2. Ancient Germanic Tribes and theirClassification………………………..
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1.3. GermanicAlphabets………………………………………………………
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1.4. Some Phonetic Peculiarities of GermanicLanguages…………………….
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1.4.1.Consonants…………………………………………………………
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1.4.1.1. The First Consonant Shift (Grimm’sLaw)…………………
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1.4.1.2. Verner`s Law……………………………………………….
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1.4.2. Word –Stress………………………………………………………
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1.4.3.Vowels……………………………………………………………..
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1.4.3.1. Stressed Vowels……………………………………………
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1.4.3.2. Germanic Fracture(Breaking)……………………………...
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1.4.3.3. Gradation or Ablaut………………………………………...
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1.4.3.4. Unstressed Vowels…………………………………………
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1.5.Grammatical Peculiarities of Germanic Languages………………………
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1.5.1.The Noun…………………………………………………………..
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1.5.2.The Adjective………………………………………………………
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1.5.3.The Verb…………………………………….……………………..
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1.6. Vocabulary
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Part 2
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OLD ENGLISH
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2.1. Periods in the History of English…………………………………………
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2.2.Historical Background…………………………………………………….
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2.2.1. The Roman Conquest of Britain…………………………………..
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2.2.2.The Anglo-Saxon Conquest of Britain…………………………….
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2.3.Alphabet and Pronunciation………………………………………………
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2.4. Old English Dialects and Written Records……………………………….
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2.5.Some Phonetic Changes of the Old English Period………………………
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2.5.1.Vowels……………………………………………………………..
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2.5.2. Old English Breaking……………………………………………...
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2.5.3. Palatal Mutation (i-mutation)……………………………………...
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2.5.4. Back or Velar Mutation (Velarization)……………………………
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2.5.5. Diphthongization of Vowels after Palatal Consonants……………
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2.5.6. Lengthening of Vowels……………………………………………
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2.5.7. Unstressed Vowels………………………………………………..
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2.5.8.Consonants…………………………………………………………
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2.5.9. Palatalization of Velar Consonants……………………………….
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2.5.10. Assimilation, Metathesis, Doubling of Consonants, Loss of Consonants………………………………………………………………
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2.6. Old English Morphology…………………………………………………
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2.6.1. Old English Noun: General Characteristics………………………
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2.6.2. Vowel Stems: Strong Declension…………………………………
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2.6.2.1. a-stems……………………………………………………..
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2.6.2.2. ō-stems……………………………………………………..
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2.6.2.3. i-stems……………………………………………………...
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2.6.2.4. u-stems ……………………………………………………
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2.6.3. Consonant Stems: Weak Declension, Minor Declensions……….
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2.6.3.1. n-stems: Weak Declension…………………………………
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2.6.3.2. r-stems……………………………………………………..
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2.6.3.3. s-stems……………………………………………………...
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2.6.4. Root-Stems………………………………………………………..
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2.6.5. Pronouns…………………………………………………………..
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2.6.5.1. Personal Pronouns…………………………………………
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2.6.5.2. Demonstrative Pronouns…………………………………...
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2.6.6. Adjectives…………………………………………………………
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2.6.6.1. Strong Declension of Adjectives…………………………..
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2.6.6.2. Weak Declension of Adjectives……………………………
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2.6.6.3. Degrees of Comparison……………………………………
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2.6.7. Adverbs……………………………………………………………
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2.6.7.1. Formation of Adverbs……………………………………..
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2.6.7.2. Comparison of Adverbs……………………………………
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2.6.8. The Verb: General Characteristics………………………………..
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2.6.8.1. Strong Verbs……………………………………………….
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2.6.8.2. Weak Verbs………………………………………………..
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2.6.8.3. Preterite – Present Verbs…………………………………..
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2.6.8.4. Anomalous verbs…………………………………………..
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2.6.8.5. Suppletive Verbs…………………………………………..
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2.7. Old English Syntax………………………………………………………
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2.8. The Old English Vocabulary…………………………………………….
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2.8.1. Word Building…………………………………………………….
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2.8.2. Borrowings………………………………………………………..
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Part 3
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MIDDLE ENGLISH
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3.1. Historical Background……………………………………………………
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3.1.1. Scandinavian Invasions……………………………………………
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3.1.2. The Norman Conquest…………………………………………….
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3.2. Middle English Dialects, Rise of the London Dialect……………………
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3.3. Early Middle English Written Records…………………………………..
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3.4. Word Stress………………………………………………………………
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3.5. Vowels……………………………………………………………………
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3.5.1. Unstressed Vowels………………………………………………..
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3.5.2. Stressed vowels……………………………………………………
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3.5.2.1. Quantitative Vowel Changes………………………………
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3.5.2.2. Qualitative Vowel Changes Monophthongs……………….
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3.5.2.3. Monophthongization of Old English Diphthongs………….
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3.5.2.4. Rise of New Diphthongs…………………………………...
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3.6. Evolution of Consonants…………………………………………………
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3.7. Spelling Changes…………………………………………………………
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3.7.1. Changes in the Designation of Vowels……………………………
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3.7.2. Changes in the Designation of Consonants……………………….
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3.8. Changes in the Grammatical System……………………………………..
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3.8.1. Preliminary Remarks…………………………………………...…
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3.8.2. The Noun………………………………………………………….
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3.8.2.1. Gender……………………………………………………...
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3.8.2.2. Number……………………………………………………..
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3.8.2.3. Decay of Noun Declensions……………………………….
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3.8.3. The Adjective……………………………………………………..
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3.8.3.1. Declension of Adjectives in Late Middle English…………
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3.8.3.2. Degrees of Comparison…………………………………….
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3.8.4. Adverbs……………………………………………………………
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3.8.4.1. Formation of Adverbs……………………………………...
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3.8.4.2. Comparison of Adverbs……………………………………
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3.8.5. The Pronoun……………………………………………………….
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3.8.5.1. Personal Pronouns………………………………………….
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3.8.5.2. Possessive pronouns……………………………………….
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3.8.5.3. Demonstrative Pronouns…………………………………...
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3.8.5.4. Rise of the Articles…………………………………………
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3.8.6. The Verb: General Characteristics………………………………..
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3.8.6.1. Changes in the Morphological Classes of Verbs, Strong Verbs
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3.8.6.2. Weak Verbs………………………………………………...
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3.8.6.3. Preterite-Present Verbs…………………………………….
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3.8.6.4. Suppletive verbs……………………………………………
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3.8.6.5. Rise of Analytical Forms…………………………………..
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3.8.7. Development of the Syntactic System…………………………….
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3.9. Vocabulary Changes……………………………………………………..
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3.9.1. Native Derivational Affixes……………………………………….
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3.9.2. French Derivational Affixes………………………………………
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3.9.3. Scandinavian Borrowings…………………………………………
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3.9.4. French Borrowings………………………………………………..
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Part 4
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NEW ENGLISH
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4.1. The formation of the English National Language………………………..
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4.2. Changes in Pronunciation………………………………………………...
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4.2.1. Development of Unstressed Vowels………………………………
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4.2.1.1. Loss of unstressed – e [ə]…………………………………..
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4.2.1.2. Loss of Vowels in Intermediate Syllables………………….
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4.2.2. Stressed Vowels…………………………………………………...
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4.2.2.1. The Great Vowel Shift……………………………………..
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4.2.2.2. Shortening of Long Vowels………………………………..
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4.2.2.3. Development of Short Vowels……………………………..
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4.2.2.4. The Development of the New Short [л]……………………
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4.2.2.5. Changes in Diphthongs…………………………………….
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4.2.2.6. Vowel Changes under the Influence of Consonants……….
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4.2.3. Consonants………………………………………………………..
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4.2.3.1. Voicing of Voiceless Consonants………………………….
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4.2.3.2. Loss of Consonants………………………………………...
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4.2.3.3. Change of [d] to [ð] when Close to [r]……………………..
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4.2.3.4. Development of Sibilants and Affricates…………………..
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4.3. Changes in Spelling………………………………………………………
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4.4. Local Dialects…………………………………………………………….
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4.4.1. Scottish Dialect……………………………………………………
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4.4.2. Northern Dialects………………………………………………….
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4.4.3. Western, Central and Southern Dialects…………………………..
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4.5. Some Essential Grammatical Changes of the New English Period: Morphology
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4.5.1. The Noun………………………………………………………….
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4.5.1.1. Number…………………………………………………….
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4.5.1.2. Cases……………………………………………………….
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4.5.2. The Pronoun……………………………………………………….
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4.5.2.1. Personal Pronouns………………………………………….
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4.5.2.2. Possessive Pronouns……………………………………….
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4.5.3. The Adjective……………………………………………………..
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4.5.4. Adverbs……………………………………………………………
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4.5.5. The Verb…………………………………………………………..
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4.5.5.1. Personal Endings…………………………………………..
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4.5.5.2. Changes in Strong Verbs…………………………………..
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4.5.5.3. Changes in Weak Verbs……………………………………
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4.5.5.4. Rise of Invariable Verbs……………………………………
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4.5.5.5. Changes in Preterite-Present Verbs………………………..
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4.5.5.6. Irregular Verbs……………………………………………..
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4.6. New English Syntax……………………………………………………...
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4.7. New English Vocabulary Changes……………………………………….
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4.7.1. Latin Loanwords…………………………………………………..
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4.7.2. Latinization of French Loanwords………………………………...
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4.7.3. Greek loanwords…………………………………………………..
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4.7.4. French Loanwords………………………………………………...
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4.7.5. Mixed vocabulary of New English………………………………..
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4.7.6. Italian and Spanish Loanwords……………………………………
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4.7.7. Russian Loanwords……………………………………………….
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4.8. The Expansion of English…………………………….………………….
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4.9. The English Language in the USA………………………………………
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4.9.1. Some peculiarities of American Pronunciation…………………...
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4.9.2. American Spelling………………………………………………...
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4.9.3. Some peculiarities of American Grammar………………………..
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4.9.4. Vocabulary of American English…………………………………
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Conclusion……………………………………………………………….
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Bibliography……………………………………………………………..
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