THE LEGAL PROFESSION. 1. Оперативная хирургия и топографическая анатомия / РедОсновная литература: 1. Оперативная хирургия и топографическая анатомия / Ред. В.В. Кованов. – М.: Медицина, 2001. 2. Островерхов, Г.Е. Оперативная хирургия и топографическая анатомия / Г.Е. Островерхов, Д.Н. Лубоцкий, Ю.М. Бомаш. – М.: Медицина, 1998. 3. Топографическая анатомия и оперативная хирургия / Ред. Ю.М. Лопухин. – М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕД.- 2002, т. 1-2. 4. Сергиенко, В.И. Учебно-методическое пособие по топографической анатомии и оперативной хирургии для студентов лечебного факультета медицинских вузов / В.И. Сергиенко, Э.А. Петросян. – М.: ГЭОТАР-МЕД. – 2001. Дополнительная литература: 1. Большаков, О.П. Лекции по оперативной хирургии и клинической анатомии / О.П. Большаков, Г.М. Семенов. – СПб.: Питер. – 2001. 2. Большаков, О.П. Оперативная хирургия и топографическая анатомия. Практикум / О.П. Большаков, Г.М. Семенов. – СПб.: Питер. – 2001. 3. Каган, И.И. Топографическая анатомия и оперативная хирургия в терминах, понятиях, классификациях (учебное пособие) / И.И. Каган. – Оренбург. – 1997. 4. Кирпатовский, И.Д. Клиническая анатомия / И.Д. Кирпатовский, Э.Д. Смирнова. – Кн. 1. Голова, шея, торс. – М.: МНА. – 2003. 5. Кирпатовский, И.Д. Клиническая анатомия / И.Д. Кирпатовский, Э.Д. Смирнова. – Кн. 2. Верхняя и нижняя конечности. – М.: МНА. – 2003. 6. Клиническая анатомия и оперативная хирургия / Ред. В.К. Татьянченко. – Ростов-на-Дону: Феникс. – 2000. 7. Матюшин, И.Ф. Руководство по оперативной хирургии / И.Ф. Матюшин. – Горький. – 1982. 8. Лойт, А.А. Хирургическая анатомия головы и шеи / А.А. Лойт, А.В. Каюков. – СПб.: Питер. – 2002. 9. Огнев, Б.В. Топографическая и клиническая анатомия / Б.В. Огнев, В.Х. Фраучи. – М.: Медиус. – 1960. 10. Оперативная хирургия / Ред. И. Литтманн. – Будапешт. – 1982. 11. Грэм, Дж. Постон. Принципы оперативной хирургии. – М. – 2003. 12. Pernkopf Anatomy. Atlas Topographic and Applied Human Anatomy / Edd. W. Platzer, M.D. University of Insbruck. – Baltimore-Munich. – 1997. – V. 1,2.
THE LEGAL PROFESSION Although many kinds of people working in or studying legal affairs are referred to as lawyers, the word really describes a person who has become officially qualified to act in certain legal matters because of examinations he has taken and professional experience he has gained. Most countries have different groups of lawyers who each takes a particular kind of examination in order to qualify to do particular jobs. In Japan, a lawyer must decide whether he wants to take the examination to become an attorney,a public prosecutor or a judge. In England, the decision is between becoming a barrister or a solicitor. Barristers specialize in arguing cases in front of a judge and have the right to be heard, the right of audience, even in the highest courts. They are not paid directly by clients, but are employed by solicitors. Solicitors have also a right of audience in lower courts, but in higher courts, such as the Court of Appeal, they must have a barrister to argue their client's case. In general, it can be said that a barrister spends most of his time either in a courtroom or preparing his arguments for the court and a solicitor spends most of his time in an office giving advice to clients, making investigations and preparing documents. If a person has a legal problem, he will go and see a solicitor. In fact there are at least 50,000 solicitors in Britain, and the number is increasing. Many problems are dealt with exclusively by a solicitor. For instance, the solicitor deals with petty crimes and some matrimonial matters in Magistrates' Courts. He prepares the case and the evidence. He actually speaks in Court for you. In a civil action he can speak in the County Court, when the case is one of divorce or recovering some debts. In the County Court the solicitor wears a black gown over his ordinary clothes. A solicitor also deals with matters outside Court. He does the legal work involved in buying a house, for instance. He writes legal letters for you and carries on legal arguments outside Court. If you want to make a will the best man to advise you is a solicitor. Barristers are different from solicitors. Barristers are experts in the interpretation of the Law. They are called in to advise on really difficult points. The barrister is also an expert on advocacy (the art of presenting cases in Court). Indeed, if you desire representationin any Court except the Magistrates' Court, you must have a barrister. Barristers are rather remote figures. If you need one, for instance, you never see him without your solicitor being with him. Barristers do not have public offices in any street. They work in what are known as chambers often in London. They belong to the institutions called Inns of Court, which are ancient organizations rather like exclusive clubs. In the USA the Justice Department is responsible for the faithful execution of the laws under the President’s authority. The main administrators of federal law enforcement are the ninety four U.S. attorneys, who are appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate. There is a U.S. attorney in each federal judicial district. Their stuffs of assistant attorneys vary in size with the amount of litigation in the district. U.S. attorneys have considerable discretion,which makes them powerful political figures. Their decision to prosecute or not affects the wealth, freedom, rights, and reputation of the individuals and organizations in the district.
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