GRAMMAR FOCUS

I. Go to App. 1 p. 89 and read the information about Modals.

A) Look at the texts above and find examples of the modal verbs.

B) Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the modal verb.

1. All people had to make a payment of furs to the khan. Those who could not pay would become slaves.

2. As to landowners, they didn’t have to serve either in the military or in any other position.

3. He was ruthless, but he could not break the opposition of the old without ruthlessness.

4. Peter the Great not only indicated which books ought to be translated but also looked through the translation himself; he corrected them and taught how books should be translated.

5. How can you name a new epoch in Russian history after Peter the Great?

6. Lomonosov may be considered as the founder of Russian science.

7. Federal law may set additional requirements for the judges of the Russian Federation courts.

8. We cannot open our eyes, cannot make a move, and cannot turn in any direction without encountering him everywhere.

 

II. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of "can", "be able to", "must" or "have to";.

1. One has to pass certain exams to be accepted by this college.

2. Although the room was full of smoke, he … phone the fire brigade.

3. If I go by train, I … buy a ticket.

4. You …be careful with electricity.

5. As a child he … play squash for hours.

6. If you want to be a member of the club, you … register in time.

7. In the end we … use all the meat we'd bought so we threw it away.

8. She was so short she … reach the door handle.

9. …we really stay so late at the party?

10. Our father told us that we …be home by 10 p.m.

 

III. Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of the words in capitals.

1. You have to fill in a form before joining the club. MUST

You must fill in a form before joining the club.

2. It’s not right that children are not allowed to play on the grass. SHOULD

3. Please turn on the light! COULD

4. What are we going to do with them when they arrive? SHALL

5. Do you want to come to dinner with me? WOULD

6. It isn’t necessary for you to stay any longer. NEED

7. Is there any possibility of the flight being cancelled? LIKELY

8. Is it necessary for me to speak to her in person? HAVE

9. She's such a talented musician. She should have been a professional. OUGHT

10. Do you believe that he will pass the exam? LIKELY

11. I don’t believe she’s an actress; she looks so ordinary. CAN'T

12. It is necessary for governments to take action against tax evasion. MUST

13. It wasn’t necessary for him to be quite so extravagant but he was. NEED

14. It's important to brush your teeth regularly. SHOULD

15. You can attend the meeting if you wish. MAY

16. Please, answer the door! WILL

17. I don’t believe he’s dead. I saw him only yesterday. CAN'T

18. Please, sit down! WOULD

19. As a child he had the habit of biting his nails. USED

20. I don’t believe he’s only twelve. CAN'T

21. Mozart was able to compose and play music before he was ten. COULD

 

WRITING

Essay expressing opinion versus argumentative essay

Useful words and phrases:

Introduction:

The problem/issue/phenomenon of … is/appears to be/has always been…,

People always say/have always thought/agreed/said/believed …,

It is a controversial/burning question…,

There is a dispute/discussion/no agreement…

There are so many differing views on/

In order to present this problem, let me begin with a paradox/proverb/famous quote…

Main body:

On the one hand … on the other hand;

As critics point out/claim;

From the angle/viewpoint of;

As a matter of fact;

Conclusion:

All in all, to sum up, in conclusion, in summary, in general;

It seems important to add/point out that….

To come back to the point raised at the beginning…

Surely, it would be impossible to give full justice to…

Choose any form of essay and write it on one of these topics.

1. The patriotism of the Russian people was displayed very strongly at the time of the capture of Moscow by the Poles during the “Times of Trouble”.

2. Aleksey Mikhaylovich was a benevolent and gentle tsar.

3. No period of Russia’s cultural history has been as full of change, turmoil, creativity, failure, and sheer destructiveness as the 17^th century