RAILWAYS

One of mankind's earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communi­cation, only crude farming, no electric power.

Nobody knows when the world invented the wheel. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and the American Indians learnt about it only when the White Man came to Americas. In the Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age, when they used horses and oxen as work animals. At first all wheels were solid discs.

It was necessary to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became somewhat lighter. Then wheels with spokes appeared. Finally, they covered the wheel with iron and then with rubber.

Light two-wheeled carriages were used widely. As time passed they made lighter, stronger, and better carriages. Later people joined together a pair of two-wheeled carts into a four-wheeled vehicle. At first only kings and queens had the privilege of driving in them.

France invented the first steam carriage. The three- wheeled machine had the front wheel driven by a two-cylinder steam engine, and carried two people along the road at a walking pace. It was not a great success, as the boiler did not produce enough steam for keeping the carriage going for more than about 15 minutes.

The steam engine appeared in 1763. Then several improved steam road carriages followed. The rapid spread of railways in the United Kingdom was due largely to George Stephenson, who was an enthusiast as well as a brilliant engineer.

He demonstrated a locomotive that could run eighteen kilometres an hour and carry passengers cheaper than horses carried them. Eleven years later Stephenson was operating a railway between Stockton and Darlington. The steam locomotive was a success.

In Russia the tsar's government showed little interest in railway transportation. After long debates the government, which did not believe in its own engineers, finally decided to invite foreign engineers to submit (представить) projects for building railways in Russia.

Yet at the very time when foreign engineers were submitting their plans, in the Urals a steam locomotive was actually in use. The Cherepanovs, father and son, both skillful mechanics and serfs (крепостные) invented and built the first locomotive. The first Russian locomotive was, of course, a "baby" compared with the locomotives of today. Under the boiler (котел) there were two cylinders which turned the locomotive's two driving wheels (there were four wheels in all). At the front there was a smoke stack (труба), while at the back there was a platform for the driver.