The Modal Verbs (MV)

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CAN/COULD

Meaning	Forms of the MV	Forms of the infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Ability, capability	can (can’t) – the Present Tense could (couldn’t) – the Past Tense	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative interrogative negative	to be able to, to know how to do smth, to have the ability to do smth.	He can perform complicated operations. He is a very skilful surgeon. Can she swim well? He could not feel or hear anything.
2. Possibility due to circumstances	can (can’t) – the Present Tense could (couldn’t) – the Past Tense	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative interrogative negative	to be able to, it’s possible to do smth	At a chemist’s shop you can get medicines of all kinds. I can go to the seaside this summer if I have enough money.
3. a) Permission b) Request c) Prohibition	can– the Present Tense could– the Past Tense in Reported Speech can could(a polite request) can’t	Indefinite Infinitive Indefinite Infinitive Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative interrogative negative	to permit, to be allowed	The doctor said: “You can take long walks early in the morning” Can (could) you give me some medicine for my headache? You can’t visit him he has an infectious disease.
4. Unreality	could –the Subjunctive II Form	The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the present or future. The Perfect Infinitive indicates the action which was not carried out in the past	affirmative interrogative negative	would be able to do smth; would have been able to do smth	Why don’t you want the doctor to come? He could prescribe some medicine to bring down the fever (if he came). You could have stayed in bed for a few days. But you didn’t.
5. Uncertainty, doubt, astonishment	can/could	The Indefinite Infinitive refers the action to the present or future. The Continuous Infinitive refers the action to the present. The Perfect Infinitive refers the action to the past. The Perfect Continuous Infinitive denotes an action begun in the past and continued into the moment of speaking	interrogative (general questions)	Is it possible that …? Do you believe that …?	Can (could) he be her husband? He is twice as old as she is.
	Can (could)she still be running a high temperature? Can (could)he have been operated on? Can (could)they have been keeping to a diet for a few years?
6. Incredulity, improbability	can’t/couldn’t	Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive Perfect Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive	negative	It’s hardly possible that; I refuse to believe that; I don’t think it’s possible that; it’s next to impossible that; I don’t believe that; I doubt that; It’s incredible (doubtful) that	He can’t (couldn’t) be her husband. She can’t (couldn’t) be still running a high temperature. He can’t (couldn’t) have been operated on. They can’t (couldn’t) have been keeping to a diet for a few years.
7. For emotional colouring	can/could(in present time contexts)	Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive Perfect Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive	interrogative (special questions)		What can (could) you know of such things? What can (could) they be speaking about? How can (could) you have made such a mistake? What can (could) he have been doingall this time?

Notes

I. Remember the following set phrases with the verb can: 1. CAN’T/COULDN’T + HELP + DOING smth e.g.: She can’t help crying. – Вона не може не плакати. 2.CAN’T/COULDN’T +BUT + INFINITIVE (without “to”) e.g.: I can’t but ask about it. – Мені нічого іншого не залишається, як запитати вас про це. They couldn’t’t but refuse him. – Їм нічого іншого не залишається, як відмовити йому.

II. The Ukrainian sentences of the type “ Невже він не помітив вас? Не може бути, щоб він не помітив вас. Невже йому тут не подобається? Не може бути, щоб йому тут не подобалось” are rendered in English in the following ways: 1. Can (could) he have failed to notice you? 2. Can (could) he dislike it here? 3. Can (could) nobody have seen him do it? 4. Can (could) he have never got my letter? 5. Can (could) it be that he didn’t notice you? 6. He can’t (couldn’t) have failed to notice you. 7. He can’t (couldn’t) dislike it here.

MAY/MIGHT

Meaning	Forms of the MV	Forms of the infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. a) Permission b) Request c) Prohibition	a) may– the Present Tense b) might– the Past Tense a) may– the Present Tense b) might– the Past Tense c) might– the Subjunctive II Form may not	Indefinite Infinitive Indefinite Infinitive Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative interrogative negative	to be permitted, to be allowed	a) I have got two historical novels. So you may take one of them. b) Mother said you might take some oranges a) May I see him in the hospital on Tuesday? b) He asked me if he might rest for an hour c) Might I spend the weekend with you? - May I have a look at the picture? - No, you may not. I don’t want you to.
2. Possibility due to circumstances	a) may– the Present Tense b) might– the Past Tense	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative		a) Let’s meet at five o’clock at the post-office if the place and time are convenient to everybody. We may get there by bus. b) He said he might get to work by the Metro.
3. Unreality	might– the Subjunctive II Form	Perfect Infinitive	affirmative		If he had arrived an hour earlier, he might have had a good night’ rest. Luckily I didn’t join them in their walk. It was very windy and I might have caught cold.
4. Disapproval or reproach	might– the Subjunctive II Form	Indefinite Infinitive Perfect Infinitive	affirmative		Your child is shivering with cold. You might be more attentive to him. Tell him to put on his jacket. You answered his invitation with cold refusal. You might have invitedme to this lecture.
5. Supposition implying uncertainty, doubt	may/might	Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive Perfect Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive	affirmative negative		She looks pale. She may (might) be ill, but I think she may/might not have a high temperature. I think the doctor may/might be examining the patient now. Nick is missing today. He may/might have been taken ill. She may have been staying in bed for a week.

NEED

Meaning	Forms of the MV	Forms of the infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Necessity	need	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative (not typical) interrogative	necessary	Need I answer the question?
2. Absence of necessity	needn’t	Indefinite Infinitive Perfect Infinitive (expresses an action which was performed though it was necessary)	negative	There is no need to do it. It’s not necessary to do it. There is no necessity to do it.	The teacher needn’t explain such simple things. The pupils know them. We needn’t have brought our grammar books today. We are having a class in phonetics instead.

Notes

1. When rendering in Russian “не нужно было” use “needn’t have done” to show that the action was performed though it was not necessary. Use “didn’t have to do” to indicate that the action was not performed as there was no obligation. e.g.: He needn’t have bought the book (but he did). It is available at the library. I didn’t have to buy the textbook (and I didn’t) as I had it at home. 2. In negative sentences negation is not always associated with the verb “need”, it may be found elsewhere in the sentence, e.g.: I don’t think we need continue our talk. They need hardly discuss the problem again.

MUST

Meaning	Forms of the MV	Forms of the infinitive	Kinds of sentences	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
1. Obligation, necessity with no freedom of choice or from the speaker’s point of view	must –in present or future time contexts; in past time contexts in Indirect Speech	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative interrogative	to be obliged to, it’s necessary for smb to do smth	If you have a new heart attack you must be taken to hospital. What must he do to keep feet? He said he must goto the dentist.
2. Prohibition	mustn’t	Indefinite Infinitive	negative	to be forbidden	Students mustn’t stay away from classes without a good reason.
3. Emphatic request or advice	must mustn’t	Indefinite Infinitive	affirmative negative		You mustn’t miss this film. It’s worth seeing this film. You must drop in at the chemist’s on your way home.
4. Supposition implying assurance, strong probability	must	Indefinite Infinitive Continuous Infinitive Perfect Infinitive Perfect Continuous Infinitive	only in the affirmative form in affirmative and negative sentences	probably, evidently, surely, no doubt, undoubtedly, it’s clear that, in all probability	He must be too old to wander about the city so long. They must be admiring the beautiful flowers in Hyde Park now. They must have been watching swans and ducks floating on the pond for an hous. She must have got used to their customs and traditions.

Notes

1. Absence of necessity is expressed by needn’t. e.g.: MustI mention all those facts in my report? - Yes, you must. They are important. - No, you needn’t. They are of no use. 2. Must is not used in the negative form to express supposition implying assurance. This meaning is expressed by: a) Evidently (probably)they didn’t come to any agreement; b) They must have failed to come to any agreement; c) They must have misunderstood us; d) He must never have guessed the truth; e) No one must have told them the truth. 3. Must is not used with reference to the future. In this case its equivalents are used. e.g.: She is likely (unlikely) to come.

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