There are two ways in which you can refer to, or cite, another person's work: a) by reporting or b) by direct quotation.
a) Reporting
| integral
| non-integral
|
| - According to Peters (1983) evidence from first language acquisition indicates that lexical phrases are learnt first as unanalyzed lexical chunks.
- Evidence from first language acquisition indicating that lexical phrases are learnt first as unanalyzed lexical chunks was given by Peters (1983).
| - Evidence from first language acquisition (Peters, 1983) indicates that lexical phrases are learnt first as unanalyzed lexical chunks.
- Lexical phrases are learnt first as unanalyzed lexical chunks (Peters, 1983).
|
| If you want to refer to a particular part of the source:
According to Peters (1983, p. 56) evidence from first language acquisition indicates that lexical phrases are learnt first as unanalyzed lexical chunks.
(At end)
References
Peters, A (1983). The units of language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
|
b) Direct Quotation
| integral
| non-integral
|
| Widdowson (1979, p. 5) states that "there is a good deal of argument in favour of extending the concept of competence to cover the ability to use language to communicative effect."
According to Widdowson (1979),"there is a good deal of argument in favor of extending the concept of competence to cover the ability to use language to communicative effect" (p. 5).
According to Widdowson, "there is a good deal of argument in favor of extending the concept of competence to cover the ability to use language to communicative effect" (1979, p. 5).
| According to one researcher, "there is a good deal of argument in favor of extending the concept of competence to cover the ability to use language to communicative effect" (Widdowson, 1979, p. 5).
(In all cases at end)
References
Widdowson, H. G. (1979). Explorations in applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
|
1) If you omit some of the author’s original words that are not relevant to your writing, use three dots (...) to indicate where you have omitted words.
He stated, "The ‘placebo effect,’... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
2) If you need to insert material (additions or explanations) into a quotation, use brackets, ([...]).
Smith (1982) found that "the placebo effect, which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when [his own and others’] behaviors were studied in this manner" (p. 276).
3) If the material quoted already contains a quotation, use single quotation marks for the original quotation (‘...’).
He stated, "The ‘placebo effect,’... disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner" (Smith, 1982, p. 276), but he did not clarify which behaviors were studied.
4) If the direct quotation is long - more than two or three lines, it should be indented as a separate paragraph with no quotation marks.
According to Smith (1982, p. 276):
The "placebo effect," which had been verified in previous studies, disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner. Furthermore, the behaviors were never exhibited again, even when real drugs were administered. Earlier studies were clearly premature in attributing the results to the placebo effect.
(In all cases at end)
References
Smith, G. (1982). The placebo effect. Psychology Today, 18, 273-278.
| Typical statements
|
| If you agree with what the writer says.
The work of X indicates/ reveals/ shows that...
Turning to X, one finds that...
Reference to X reveals that...
In a study of Y, X found that...
As X points out,...
As X perceptively states,...
As X has indicated,...
A study by X shows that...
X has drawn attention to the fact that...
X correctly argues that...
X rightly points out that...
X makes clear that...
| If you disagree with what the writer says.
X claims that...
X states erroneously that...
The work of X asserts that...
X feels that...
However, Y does not support X's argument that...
|
| If you do not want to give your point of view about what the writer says.
According to X...
It is the view of X that...
The opinion of X is that...
In an article by X,...
Research by X suggests that...
X has expressed a similar view.
X reports/ notes/ states/ observes/ concludes/ argues/ found/ discovered that...
| Quoting
As X said/says, "......"
As X stated/states, "......"
As X wrote/writes, "......"
As X commented/comments, "......"
As X observed/observes, "......"
As X pointed/points out, "......"
To quote from X, "......"
It was X who said that "......"
This example is given by X: "......"
According to X, "......"
X claims that, "......"
X found that, "......"
The opinion of X is that, "......"
|
| Concluding after quoting evidence
The evidence seems to indicate that...
It must therefore be recognized that...
The indications are therefore that...
It is clear therefore that...
Thus it could be concluded that...
The evidence seems to be strong that...
On this basis it may be inferred that...
Given this evidence, it can be seen that...
|
http://www.uefap.com/writing/writfram.htm
B) Read a review that uses only one way of citing. As you can see, using the same structure all the time can cause the reader to lose interest. Rewrite the text so that it has more variety.
Since the early 1960s, many investigators have turned to forecasting some sort of disaster coming because of industrial pollution, scarcity of food, overpopulation, or depletion of non-renewable resources. Jonathan Schell (1982) stated that the nation-state system, with its competition among big nations armed with nuclear weapons and with the proliferation of nuclear weapons to developing nations, is leading the world to a nuclear war. Rachel Carson (1962) predicted premature death to humans and other animals because of the growing use of pesticides and other chemicals. Paul Ehrlich (1971) spelled out the threat of overpopulation. He argued that during the 1970s and 1980s hundreds of millions of people would starve to death in spite of any programs embarked upon and that no changes in behavior or technology could save us unless we achieve control over the size of the human population. Meadows (1970)emphasized that the earth is finite and that there are definite limits to its arable land, non-renewable resources, and ability to absorb pollution.
