BASIC ENGINEERING PROCESSES
The processing of metals is considered to be the most indispensable part of fabricating a wide range of products, such as the tiniest parts used in electronics, electrical and radio engineering, watchmaking, all kinds of measuring devices, etc., on the one hand, and gigantic parts for turbines, engines, machine-tools and even whole sections of machines to produce machinery, on the other. Metal processing is known to involve the following major techniques: casting, machining, joining, and heat treatment, each of these manufacturing processes representing a particular branch of the metal-processing industry. CASTING may be briefly described as shaping by means of transforming the metal from liquid to solid state in specially designed moulds, some eating being usable as they come from the mould, others-requiring machining and finishing operations. There are several casting techniques at the disposal of foundry-men, their selection depending upon the metal or alloy the part is to be made of, the quantities to be produced, the shape and the size desired, the tolerance and the relative cost. The most commonly used casting processes are: sand casting, mould casting, die casting, investment and precision casting, and centrifugal casting, each ofthem possessing its own peculiarities, advantages and diadvantages, which govern the choice of the methods for the production of the articles. FORMING, contrary to casting, applies to the shaping the metal in the solid state, which is possible due to the peculiar property most
metals possess, called " ductility". Forming is generally assumed to include: rolling, forging, stamping and pressing, that is, the processes involving plastic deformation of the metal being shaped. ROLLING is considered to be the most economical process for producing a large quantity of simple shapes, such as, billet, plate.sheat, strip, bar, rod, wire, tube, etc., on corresponding rolling mills, and may be hot and cold. Hot roiling operations, for instance, are employed for the shaping of rails, plates, structural shapes, etc. Rolling operations are aimed at reducing the initial cross-section of the material in such a way that the final predetermined thickness may be either uniform throughout the whole length of the piece, or varying, as desired. FORGING, STAMPING, and PRESSING may be briefly defined as the art of plastically deforming a piece of metal by means of hammering, squeezing, or bending, that is, by applying either impact or static pressure. Forging is used to produce a desired shape with good mechanical properties by means of dies. There are various types of forging, stamping and pressing machines, each type designed for specific purposes. MACHINING is the term applied for processes consisting in removing excess metal from cast, rolled or forged parts in order to obtain a desired shape. To achieve the desired result various kinds of machine-tools are employed, the most important ones being the milling, boring, turning and grinding machines and the lathe, the latter being one of the most widely used production machines. JOINING comprises a variety of methods, such as welding, soldering.brazmg, and riveting, which are used for attaching one surface to another. HEAT TREATMENT is used to cause the desired property variations by means of controlled temperature changes. Only by heat treatment is it possible to impart the metal the high migh mechanical properties required for the operation of modern machinery and tools. There are four major groups of heat treatment, namely, hardening, annealing, tempering, and normalizing. Even the shortest description of fabricating processes, the processing engineer has to deal with, would be incomplete without mentioning finishing operations. Finishing relates to all processes, or rather, operations, which serve to render the product obtained by other processes suitable for use. The knowledge of all fabricating processes is believed to be necessary for a processing, in order that he may choose the most advantageous and economical techniques. The ability to see his work as part of the whole process rather than an individual operation may be said to be the major requirement any processing engineer is expected to meet. Task 1. Прочтите и запомните следующие слова: 1. tiny - крошечный 2. part - часть, деталь 3. device - прибор 4. machine-tool - механический станок 5. machining - механическая обработка 6. joining - соединение, стыковка 7. riveting - клёпка 8. a mould - форма 9. an alloy - сплав 10. a billet - заготовка 11. dies - волоки 12. a lathe-токарный станок 13. suitable - подходящий 14. initial-первоначальный 15. ductility - пластичность 16. a rod - пруток, стержень 17. a strip - полоса, лента 18. a bar - полоса, пруток 19. a tube-трубка 20. a millman - вальцовщик 21. a foundryman - литейщик 22. a welder - сварщик 23. a processing engineer - инженер-технолог 24. to involve - включать, вовлекать 25. to measure - измерять, мерить 26. to require - требовать 27. to possess - обладать 28. to assume - предполагать 29. to consider - считать 30. to attach - прикреплять
9. Прочтите следующие слова и определите их произно Basic, engineering, processing, fabricating, range, turbines, section, major, technique, industry, liquid, design, selection, article, final, uniform, pressure, type, specific, term, temperature, modern. 10. Переведите слова, обращая внимание на суффиксы: operate, operator, operation; steel-maker. 11. Найдите соответствующие эквиваленты: The processing of metals On the one hand To produce machinery A particular branch from liquid to solid state At the disposal of somebody At the disposal of somebody The relative cost To remove excess metal To meet requirements в распоряжении кого-либо отвечать требованиям пайка лёгким припоем и пайка твёрдым припоем литьё в песчаные формы относительная цена процесс закалки, отжига, отпуска, нормализации и отделки
фасонное литьё с одной стороны прецизионное литьё/литье по выплавляемым моделям центробежное литьё производить машинное оборудование вальцовочные, расточные, фрезерные и шлифовальные машины устранить излишек металла особая отрасль
mould casting Die casting investment/precision casting centrifugal casting
обработка металлов литьё под давлением с одной стороны от жидкого к твердому состоянию
12. Прочтите предложения, переведите их, обращая вни мание на форму и залог глаголов - сказуемых:
1. The processing of metals is considered to be the most indispensable -part of fabricating a wide range of products. 2. Metal processing is known to involve the following major techniques: casting, machining, joining, and heat treatment. 3. The knowledge of all fabricating processes is believed to be neces-,..• sary for a processing, in order that he may choose the most advantageous and economical techniques. 4. The ablility to see his work as part of the whole process rather than an individual operation may be said to be the major requirement any processing engineer is expected to meet. 13. Найдите строчку глаголов в Passive voice: 1. is considered, used, is, applies 2. to involve, has to deal with, may be defined, there are 3. is used, are aimed, may be described, can be said 14. Выпишите из текста в столбцы все: а) инфинитивы Ь) причастие с) герундий d) модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты 15. Ответьте письменно на вопросы: 1. What is the title of the text? 2. What is the central idea of the text? 3. How many parts are there in the text? 4. What are the first and the last parts of the text about? 5. What are the basic engineering processes? 6. What do we understand by rolling? 7. What kinds of rolling do you know? 8. What do the rollers produce? 9. What can you say about the most commonly used casting processes?
9. What can you say about the most commonly used casting proc 10. What does forming include? 11. How many joining methods are used for attaching one surface to another? 12. For what purpose is forging used? 13. What is the difference between fabricating processes and fin 14. What kinds of machine-tools are employed for the process of machining? 15. Is the knowledge of all engineering processes necessary for any processing engineer? 16. May he choose the most advantageous, economical tech 17. What information was interesting for you? Task 9. Сделайте краткое сообщение на английском языке по основному содержанию текста. В качестве опор используйте следующие разговорные клише и словосочетания: This text is about - Этот текст о... It is important to say - Важно сказать... It's necessary to note - Необходимо отметить... It's possible to say that - Можно сказать, что... It's considered that - Считается, что... This fact deals with - Этот факт связан... It means that - Это значит, что... I should like to draw your attention to - Я хотел бы привлечь ваше внимание к... This extract is devoted to...- Этот отрывок посвящается... Summing it up - Подводя итог... As far as I know - Насколько я знаю... As you know-Насколько вам известно... If I am not mistaken - Если я не ошибаюсь... Let me say in conclusion that- Позвольте мне сказать в заключении, что...
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Введение....................................................................................................................... 3 1 RULESOF READING (ПРАВИЛА ЧТЕНИЯ)...................................................... 4 DRILL EXERCISES...................................................................................................... 5 2 THE NOUN (ИМЯ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНОЕ)........................................................ 6 SELF - TRAINING EXERCISES.................................................................................... 8 3 THE ARTICLE (АРТИКЛЬ).................................................................................... 9 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 14 4. THE PRONOUN (МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ).................................................................. 15 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 16 5. THE NUMERAL (ИМЯ ЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНОЕ)....................................................... 17 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 20 6. THE ADJECTIVE (ИМЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ)................................................ 22 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 24 7. THE VERB (ГЛАГОЛ).......................................................................................... 25 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 27 8. CONSTRUCTION THERE IS/THERE ARE........................................................... 30 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 31 9. THE ENGLISH WORD-ORDER(ПOPЯДOK СЛОВ В АНГЛ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯХ)................................................................................................... 32 10.ТНЕ ENGLISH QUESTIONS (ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ). 33 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 35 11. INDEFINITE TENSES (НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ)................................... 37 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 38 12. CONTINUOUS TENSES (ПРОДОЛЖЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ)................................. 40 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 41 13. PERFECT TENSES (СОВЕРШЕННОЕ ВРЕМЯ).............................................. 42 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 43 14. MODAL VERBS (МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ)................................................ 46 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 49 15. PASSIVE VOICE (СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ)............................................. 51 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 54 16. SEQUENCE OF TENSES (СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН).............................. 56 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 58 17. NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА)59 THE INFINITIVE (ИНФИНИТИВ).......................................................................... 60 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 62 18. THE PARTICIPLE (ПРИЧАСТИЕ).................................................................... 64 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 66 19. THE GERUND (ГЕРУНДИЙ)............................................................................ 69 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 70 20. THE MOOD (НАКЛОНЕНИЕ).......................................................................... 72 SELF-TRAINING EXERCISES................................................................................. 74 БИБЛИОГРАФИЯ..................................................................................................... 82
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